最新刊期
卷 15 ， 期 5 ， 2026
- 摘要：Capacitor-type lithium-ion batteries are attracting increasing interest for applications such as smart grids, electromagnetic energy systems, and power supplies for artificial intelligence data center. However, rapid capacity degradation under high-rate conditions remains a critical limitation to their further development. Herein, a capacitor-type battery using LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM333) as the cathode and hard carbon (HC) as the anode (NCM333||HC) is systematically investigated to elucidate its failure mechanisms under high-power conditions. The results demonstrate that the capacitor-type battery maintains a high discharge capacity even at a current rate of 14 C. Under shallow charge-discharge conditions of 10 C and 40% depth of discharge (DoD), the capacity retention remains above 90% after 40000 cycles. By contrast, under high-power operating conditions involving 1 C charging, 10 C discharging, and 100% DoD, the capacity retention decreases only to 75% after 200 cycles. The structure, morphology, surface chemical states, and elemental distribution of the electrodes before and after cycling were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The results indicate that high-power cycling causes cracking of the cathode particles and irreversible expansion of the layered NCM333 structure. After cycling, Ni, Co, and Mn are detected on the anode, confirming the dissolution of transition metals from the cathode, their migration across the separator, and subsequent deposition on the anode. This study elucidates the failure mechanisms of the NCM333||HC capacitor-type battery under high-power conditions and provides insights for the future optimization of capacitor-type lithium-ion batteries.关键词：Capacitor-type lithium-ion battery;NCM333 cathode;Transition metal dissolution;Hard carbon anode208|88|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Electrochemical energy storage devices face numerous critical challenges in their widespread applications, particularly under low-temperature conditions, where issues such as electrochemical performance degradation and even device failure frequently occur. Compared with lithium-ion batteries, which store energy via Faradaic reactions, electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) exhibit unique potential for addressing low-temperature electrochemical energy storage challenges due to their physical adsorption-desorption mechanism. However, they still encounter numerous obstacles in practical applications. Under low-temperature conditions, the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte decreases and the electrolyte may even solidify, while ion diffusion within electrode materials becomes restricted, severely limiting the electrochemical performance of EDLCs. Therefore, designing electrolytes with excellent low-temperature performance, featuring both high ionic conductivity and an ultra-low freezing point, along with developing matching electrode materials, has become critical for advancing low-temperature EDLCs. This review first elaborates on the fundamental working principles of EDLCs and systematically analyzes the key challenges they face in low-temperature environments. Building on this foundation, it provides a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of various electrolytes, including aqueous, organic, and ionic liquid electrolytes, as well as the design principles for electrolytes and electrode materials. Subsequently, recent research progress in the design of both electrolytes and electrode materials is reviewed. Finally, future research directions for low-temperature EDLCs are proposed, aiming to provide theoretical guidance and technical references for the development of next-generation high-performance low-temperature EDLCs.关键词：low-temperature;electric double-layer capacitors;electrolytes;Electrode materials92|31|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：The quality of electrode coating is crucial for the performance of lithium-ion capacitors (LICs), as it directly influences the final product's efficacy. One main challenge in enhancing LIC performance is the production of uneven electrodes, which contribute to increased internal resistance and, consequently, reduced capacitor performance. Non-uniform slurries often result in heterogeneous electrodes, posing significant challenges that can lead to accelerated capacity decay and safety risks. Existing evaluation methods mainly focus on macro-scale rheological tests or final electrode characterization, lacking insights into the in-situ dynamics of particle-scale mixing. To address this gap, this study proposes an innovative multi-scale trajectory coupling analysis framework for evaluating mixing uniformity. The methodology involves the synchronous construction and analysis of the motion trajectories of particles within a simulated stirred tank. Individual tracer particle movements are tracked to reveal micro-scale dynamics, whereas the collective paths of particle swarms are analyzed to visualize macro-scale transport and diffusion patterns. This framework incorporates qualitative flow field analysis and quantitative particle distribution statistics, creating a triangulated approach for mechanistic understanding. Using this method, the study systematically simulated and compared the mixing performance of four widely used industrial impellers, namely, anchor, C-type outer blade, fixed-pitch hydrofoil, and retreat blade, in a standard flat-bottomed tank. The results clearly identify their dominant mixing mechanisms and limitations regarding LIC slurries. The anchor impeller generates a global wall-shear flow, achieving the best macro-scale particle distribution uniformity. In summary, this study translates complex flow-particulate interactions into actionable, particle-scale criteria for evaluating impellers. The findings provide a solid theoretical and methodological foundation for the science-guided selection and optimization of stirring equipment in high-performance LIC slurry manufacturing. In addition, the analytical approach developed in this study can be extended to the simulation of lithium-ion batteries, active materials, and other types of slurry stirring, thus demonstrating broad applicability.关键词：numerical simulation;Stir;Lithium-ion battery;Particle tracing;Uniformity82|82|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：To address the large volume expansion and sluggish kinetics of silicon anodes during lithiation, which hinder the simultaneous achievement of high energy density and high power density in lithium-ion capacitors (LICs), a core-shell porous nano-silicon/carbon composite (Si@C) was prepared by using the metal-organic framework ZIF-8 as a carbon precursor through polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) surface modification, in situ growth, and high-temperature carbonization. The phase composition, microstructure, and pore characteristics of the material were systematically characterized, and its lithium-storage behavior and practical application performance were evaluated by half-cell tests, kinetic analysis, and device measurements. The results show that Si@C retains an intact core-shell structure with a particle size of about 120 nm, and its pore size is mainly distributed in the range of 0.5—2 nm, which effectively buffers the volume variation of silicon and improves electron/ion transport. In half-cells, the reversible specific capacities of Si@C are 1911 and 354.8 mAh/g at current densities of 0.1 and 10 A/g, respectively, and a reversible capacity of 917 mAh/g is maintained after 100 cycles at 1 A/g. When prelithiated Si@C is used as the anode and self-made porous carbon is used as the cathode, the assembled LIC device delivers an energy density of 195.62 Wh/kg at a power density of 286.8 W/kg and still retains 113.27 Wh/kg at 11412.6 W/kg, with a capacity retention of 89% after 1000 cycles at 2 A/g. These results demonstrate that constructing a MOF-derived porous carbon shell is an effective strategy for improving the rate capability, cycling stability, and overall electrochemical performance of silicon-based anodes for LICs.关键词：lithium-ion capacitors;silicon/carbon composite;core-shell structure;porous carbon;silicon-based anode108|26|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：To address the critical issue of hindered ion transport and degraded supercapacitor performance caused by interlayer self-stacking of Ti3C2 MXene electrode materials, this study employed an aqueous solution of high-proportion few-layer Ti3C2 MXene (96% consisting of 1-3 layers) as the precursor. Different organic solvents, ethanol (ET), acetonitrile (AN), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), were combined with a rotary evaporation process to regulate the structure and morphology of the material. The influences of the organic solvent type on the interlayer spacing, micromorphology, and electrochemical behavior of the material were systematically investigated. The structure and morphology of the material were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The energy storage performance of the corrugated Ti3C2 MXene in symmetric supercapacitors and flexible micro-supercapacitors was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and relaxation time distribution analysis. X-ray diffraction results demonstrate that organic solvent treatment significantly enlarges the interlayer spacing of MXene, with the extent of expansion following the order DMSO>ET>AN. Scanning electron microscopy images reveal that all modified materials exhibit a corrugated morphology, which effectively suppresses interlayer stacking. Electrochemical tests indicate that the ET-modified sample delivers the highest specific capacitance at low current densities, making it suitable for high-capacity energy storage applications. The AN-modified sample exhibits the lowest charge transfer resistance and ion diffusion resistance, resulting in optimal high-rate charge-discharge performance. In micro-supercapacitors, the ET-modified electrode presents significantly higher areal specific capacitance and better capacity retention rate than the unmodified sample. This study achieves precise structural regulation of Ti3C2 MXene via an organic solvent modification strategy without the use of exogenous intercalators, providing experimental evidence and a viable route for the design and fabrication of high-performance MXene-based energy storage devices.关键词：MXene;organic solvent modification;structure regulation;supercapacitor;electrochemical performance65|37|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Hybrid Li-ion capacitors (HyLICs), combining high energy density, high-rate performance, and long cycle life, have recently emerged as a research hotspot in the field of new energy storage. Owing to its cost-effectiveness and long cycle life, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) is the preferred battery material for constructing hybrid cathodes in HyLICs. Employing LFP/activated carbon (AC) composite cathodes, the potential variations of graphite and hard carbon (HC) anode systems during the electrochemical testing of HyLICs are investigated, after which the cycled electrodes were characterized. The results confirm that HC exhibits an excellent rate, cycling performance, and faster ion-diffusion kinetics compared with graphite. Moreover, the graphite anode system suffers from excessively low anode potentials during cycling, and this induces Li dendrite formation, causing severe damage to the anode. Conversely, although the HC system increases cathode potential, it does not affect the cathode structure. Employing the (LFP/AC)||HC system, various LFP materials are also evaluated, with LFP-3 emerging as the optimal candidate. The HyLICs assembled with LFP-3 exhibit a specific energy of 183.5 Wh/kg, a specific power of 10.4 kW/kg based on the cathode and anode active materials, rate capabilities of 94.5%@30C and 83.7%@60C, and a significantly high capacity-retention rate of 86.5% after 9000 cycles at 9C. This work systematically explores the differences in the electrical performances and potential variations of LFP-based HyLICs across different anode systems, providing theoretical support and experimental basis for developing commercial high-power and long cycle life HyLICs.关键词：hybrid Li-ion capacitor;LiFePO4;composite cathode;graphite;hard carbon67|32|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：MXene has exhibited considerable potential in the field of electrochemical energy storage in recent years owing to its unique layered tunable structure, abundant surface functional groups, and excellent conductivity. However, its layered structure is prone to stacking, and the surface terminal groups lack stability in oxygen-containing environments, leading to severe specific capacity decay at high scan rates. In this study, Ti3C2Tx MXene was used as the structural unit, and aramid nanofibers (ANF) served as the interfacial organic phase. Through hydrothermal oxidation reconstruction and interfacial assembly, the high-rate energy storage characteristics of MXene were effectively enhanced. The results showed that hydrothermally treated MXene (ht-Ti3C2Tx) exhibited partial oxidation and surface defluorination characteristics. The constructed ht-Ti3C2Tx /ANF electrode achieved a specific capacity of 407.9 F/g at 2 mV/s and maintained a specific capacity of 246.1 F/g even at a high scan rate of 500 mV/s, with a capacity retention rate of 60.3%, markedly superior to the untreated MXene electrode. Furthermore, the composite electrode maintained a high specific capacitance of 220.0 F/g even at a high current density of 20 A/g, demonstrating excellent rate performance. Kinetic analysis indicated that the b-value of ht-Ti3C2Tx /ANF increased to 0.90, and the charge transfer impedance decreased considerably, indicating pseudo-capacitive behavior controlled by surface reactions. The capacitance contribution increased from 86.7% at 2 mV/s to 96.8% at 50 mV/s. Simultaneously, the double-layer capacitance increased to 44.7 mF/cm2, indicating a larger electrochemically active specific surface area and faster ion transport capability. Moreover, the film exhibited good mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 46 MPa and a toughness of 0.64 MJ/m3. The film also had a low infrared emissivity (approximately 13%) and maintained stable infrared stealth performance within the temperature range of -10℃ to 200℃. This strategy provides a feasible approach for constructing MXene-based energy storage electrode materials with both high-rate performance and multifunctional characteristics.关键词：MXenes;Aramid nanofibers;interfacial engineering;supercapacitors;electrochemical energy storage33|15|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) have emerged as advanced energy storage devices that integrate the high power of supercapacitors and the high energy of lithium-ion batteries, making them highly promising for critical applications such as electric vehicles, portable electronics, and grid-scale energy storage systems. However, the practical deployment and large-scale commercialization of LICs remain hindered by the capacity and kinetic mismatch between the anode and cathode, which leads to poor rate performance and insufficient cycling stability. Therefore, the exploration of novel anode materials with superior kinetic performance and excellent structural stability has become an urgent pursuit for the development of high-performance LICs. Herein, a conductive metal-organic framework (MOF), namely Zn3(HHTP)2 (HHTP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene), was synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method, and its electrochemical performance as an LIC anode was systematically investigated. The Zn2+ ions form coordination bonds with HHTP ligands, constructing a hexagonal lattice that arranges along the c-axis to form a porous honeycomb-like structure. Effective orbital overlap between Zn2+ and the ligands endows the material with good electronic conductivity. In addition, the abundant porous architecture facilitates the intercalation and deintercalation of Li+ ions, thereby imparting Zn3(HHTP)2 with fast ion diffusion and electron transfer characteristics. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that Zn3(HHTP)2 exhibits excellent rate capability and cycling stability. Specifically, it delivers a specific capacity of 213.7 mAh/g even at a high rate of 5 A/g. Moreover, after 500 cycles at 1 A/g, it retains a capacity of about 325 mAh/g. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the electrode after 50 cycles demonstrated that, in addition to the interlayers and honeycomb pores of Zn3(HHTP)2, organic ligands also serve as important active sites for lithium storage. The LIC device assembled with a Zn3(HHTP)2 anode and an activated carbon (AC) cathode achieves a high energy density of 104.8 Wh/kg at 400 W/kg and still maintains 68 Wh/kg even at a high power density of 2 kW/kg. This work provides new insights and technical support for the broader application of conductive MOFs in electrochemical energy storage.关键词：lithium-ion capacitor;anode material;Conductive metal-organic framework;Zn3(HHTP)2;Lithium storage mechanism40|16|0更新时间：2026-07-01
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Pre-sodiated NVP cathode coupled with dry-coated AC anode for high-performance sodium ion capacitors
摘要：Enhancing electrode loading through dry coating is a promising strategy for improving the electrochemical performance of sodium-ion capacitors (SICs). However, when high-loading dry-processed activated carbon (AC) electrodes serve as anodes, the irreversible reaction of the polytetrafluoroethylene binder at low potentials causes considerable sodium loss. To address this issue, high-loading SICs were assembled in this work using a dry-processed AC anode paired with an electrochemically pre-sodiated sodium vanadium phosphate [Na3V2(PO4)3, NVP] cathode. The sodium compensation mechanism of the pre-sodiated NVP cathode during charge/discharge cycling and its influence on the electrochemical performance of SICs were systematically investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, spherical aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy, and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements. The findings reveal that the NVP cathode displays an additional sodium storage plateau at 1.6 V (vs. Na+/Na) during galvanostatic cycling, delivering a specific capacity of approximately 50 mAh/g. Electrochemical pre-sodiation effectively activates this plateau, thereby compensating for sodium loss while increasing the practical loading of the AC electrode. The SIC assembled with the pre-sodiated NVP cathode and an AC anode at a high loading of 10 mg/cm2 delivered a maximum energy density of 165 Wh/kg and a maximum power density of 4.15 kW/kg, calculated based on the cathode active material mass. Moreover, the device exhibited excellent cycling stability, retaining 75% of its initial capacity after 20,000 cycles at a current rate of 50 C. The cathode pre-sodiation strategy proposed herein offers a viable pathway for advancing the development of high-performance SICs.关键词：Sodium ion capacitors;dry electrode;pre-sodiation;activated carbon;sodium vanadium phosphate44|14|0更新时间：2026-07-01 - 摘要：The search for electrode materials with high capacitance performance for use in flexible energy storage devices is of significant research and application importance in contemporary applications. Herein, high-performance spherical polypyrrole (PPy) electrode materials were prepared by controlling the ratio of pyrrole (Py) and the oxidant ammonium persulfate (APS). The microstructure of the electrode materials was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, while the electrochemical performance of the electrode was analyzed using an electrochemical workstation. The results show that when a Py-to-APS molar ratio of 1∶1 yields excellent electrochemical performance, with a high specific capacitance of 193.5 F/g at a current density of 0.3 A/g, and a capacitance retention rate of 85% after 5000 charge–discharge cycles at a current density of 5 A/g. In addition, an ink with excellent rheological properties was formulated, and a flexible interdigital supercapacitor was fabricated via a screen-printing process. Compared with conventional interdigital devices, toothed interdigital designs exhibit superior electrochemical performance. The resulting device shows a capacitance retention rate of up to 91% after 5000 charge-discharge cycles at an area current density of 1 mA/cm2. At a power density of 0.11 mW/cm2, it delivers an energy density of 0.0344 mWh/cm2. Overall, the PPy ink developed in this study, combined with the fabrication of a flexible toothed interdigital supercapacitor through screen printing, demonstrates promising potential for applications in flexible electronic energy storage devices.关键词：supercapacitor;polypyrrole;screen printing;interdigital electrode40|54|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：To address the inherent limitations of supercapacitors in terms of energy density, voltage characteristics, and self-discharge, this study investigates the topology of hybrid power systems that combine supercapacitors with lithium-ion batteries. The aim is to enhance overall system performance by leveraging the complementary advantages of both components, thereby achieving synergistic optimization of energy and power performance to meet the demands of complex operating conditions, such as high-power pulses and frequent cycling. The study is based on physical models of supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. Initially, a theoretical analysis was conducted to compare their output characteristics, focusing on key parameters such as internal resistance, voltage platforms, and discharge curves. Five hybrid power system topologies integrating supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries were systematically constructed and simulated, including a direct parallel connection, as well as parallel connections via an inductor, a resistor, a DC/DC converter, and a bidirectional DC/DC converter. By establishing a simulation platform and setting pulse load conditions, a quantitative comparative analysis was performed to evaluate the dynamic response of the bus voltage under different topologies, the current distribution characteristics between the supercapacitor and the lithium-ion battery, and the energy utilization efficiency of the supercapacitor. Results indicate that the hybrid power system effectively enhances the pulse power capability of the system and extends the lifespan of the lithium-ion battery. Among the five topologies, the direct parallel and resistor-parallel configurations are structurally simple, with a pulse current distribution inversely proportional to the internal resistances of the two energy storage components. However, they suffer from significant bus voltage drops and limited utilization of the supercapacitor. The inductor-parallel topology can suppress the discharge current of the lithium-ion battery, but the inductor introduces overvoltage spikes on the bus. The DC/DC parallel topology allows precise limitation of the lithium-ion battery's output current and improves supercapacitor utilization, while the bidirectional DC/DC parallel topology optimally controls the bus voltage drop but imposes higher demands on the dynamic response performance of the bidirectional DC/DC converter. Through theoretical analysis and simulation, this study systematically evaluates the working principles and performance characteristics of different hybrid power system topologies. The study provides a solid theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the selection and optimal design of supercapacitor-lithium-ion battery hybrid power systems tailored to different application scenarios.关键词：supercapacitor;lithium-ion battery;Hybrid Power System36|23|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a crucial technique for characterizing the dynamic properties of asymmetric supercapacitors. However, for electrode materials with high noise levels, the traditional nonlinear least-squares method often fails to yield accurate fits owing to the difficulty in determining reliable initial impedance parameters. To address this challenge, this study proposes an intelligent EIS parameter identification method based on cross-characterization fusion and a two-layer machine learning architecture. This approach extracts physicochemical information from cyclic voltammetry and constant-current charge-discharge curves to construct a feature matrix, establishing an interpretable mapping between these features and key EIS parameters (e.g., internal resistance and constant phase element parameters). After dimensionality reduction and feature enhancement through latent variable extraction and time-series normalization, a two-layer machine learning architecture integrating XGBoost, random forest, ridge regression, and elastic net regression is developed for training, enabling high-precision cross-characterization-based EIS parameter estimation. Experimental results demonstrate that the predicted parameters closely align with those derived directly from EIS, with high stability across different material systems, including cobalt-manganese-based electrodes. This study provides a reliable strategy for initializing EIS fitting in asymmetric supercapacitors, significantly improving convergence and accuracy, and offers a practical approach for identifying electrochemical impedance parameters under high-noise conditions.关键词：electrochemical impedance spectroscopy;asymmetric supercapacitor;Machine learning;parameter identification41|37|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：The practical application of manganese dioxide (MnO2) in supercapacitors is limited by the difficulty of concurrently achieving high energy and power density. This study addresses this limitation through a "bottom-up" structural tuning strategy in which [MoO6] units, whose octahedral parameters closely match those of the host [MnO6], are introduced into the MnO2 lattice during hydrothermal synthesis to perturb [MnO6] octahedral assembly and enable precise structural modification. The [MoO6] concentration proved to be a critical parameter governing the resulting morphology, crystal phase, and defect density. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed pronounced morphological changes upon [MoO6] incorporation, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) revealed the formation of additional oxygen vacancies and a disordered local structure. Electrochemical measurements showed that the optimally doped sample (Mo0.05-MnO2) achieved a specific capacitance of 158.9 F/g at 5 mV/s and retained 68% of this value at 200 mV/s. The role of [MoO6] in charge storage was further investigated by in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, from which ion diffusion coefficients were determined for electrodes across a range of doping levels. Finite element analysis indicated that moderate [MoO6] doping produces a defect-rich yet locally ordered structure that optimally balances active-site density and ion diffusion relaxation time, thereby enhancing both energy and power density simultaneously. These findings establish a viable route for synthesizing high-performance Mo-doped MnO2 electrodes and clarify the underlying structure-performance relationship, offering design guidelines for advanced pseudocapacitive materials.关键词：supercapacitor;manganese dioxide;Structural Defect;Ion Diffusion;Structure-Property Relationship33|12|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Supercapacitors (SCs) play a crucial role in modern energy storage technologies, offering advantages, including high power density, fast charge/discharge rates, and a long cycle life. However, their relatively low energy density limits applications in fields requiring prolonged endurance, such as new energy vehicles and smart grids. Recently, the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has opened new avenues for overcoming this performance limitation. Based on a dual-stage framework of "materials development-device management," this review systematically surveys recent AI advancements across the full lifecycle of SCs. In the materials development phase, we assess the current landscape of open computational materials databases and specialized electrochemical databases for supercapacitors. We also discuss the evolutionary trajectory of feature engineering for descriptors. The evolution of deep learning prediction models is comprehensively surveyed, highlighting early graph neural networks, universal neural networks, and large-scale foundation models. We examine the paradigm shift from manual feature engineering to end-to-end representation learning and its significant enhancement of high-throughput virtual screening efficiency. We also introduce Bayesian optimization and active learning-driven synthesis optimization strategies, as well as the closed-loop paradigm of "prediction-synthesis-validation-feedback." In addition, we describe generative inverse design methods based on diffusion models and autoregressive models, analyzing their potential for the direct generation of candidate material structures under target property constraints. In the device operational stage, we draw insights from established methodologies in the lithium-ion battery field to systematically survey the evolution of state-of-health assessment and remaining useful life prediction. This encompasses physics-based models, traditional machine learning, deep learning, state-space models, generative pre-training, and physics-informed neural networks, as well as applications of transfer learning and federated learning in data-scarce and privacy-sensitive contexts. Looking ahead, we identify several key pathways for advancing AI from a supplementary analytical tool to a central research infrastructure across the entire value chain. These include constructing unified supercapacitor databases based on established principles, developing global descriptors tailored to pore network topology, and achieving deep integration of autonomous experimental platforms with closed-loop feedback systems.关键词：supercapacitors;artificial intelligence;deep learning;Materials Design;graph neural networks;Generative Models;Data-Driven Approaches53|31|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Molybdenum nitrides (MoxNy), which feature diverse crystal structures, metallic-like conductivity, and high pseudocapacitance, have emerged as a new class of pseudocapacitive materials with broad application potential in high-performance supercapacitors. This review is organized around the central framework of their "polymorph/composition-electronic structure-energy storage mechanism-capacitive performance" and systematically summarizes recent advances in the electronic structure, charge-storage mechanisms, and capacitive behavior of MoxNy-based electrode materials. First, the unique "covalent-metallic-ionic" hybrid bonding nature of MoxNy is analyzed. The structural evolution from cubic γ-Mo2N and tetragonal β-Mo2N to hexagonal δ-MoN, as well as nitrogen-rich phases such as Mo5N6 and MoN2, is examined, revealing the role of nitrogen site occupancy in regulating lattice symmetry, the electronic density of states, and ion transport properties. On this basis, this review further elucidates the mechanisms through which crystal structure, stoichiometric composition, and dimensionality govern the electronic structure and capacitive performance of these materials. In addition, the pseudocapacitive charge-storage mechanism arising from the synergistic interplay between surface redox reactions and bulk ion intercalation in MoxNy is discussed in detail. Recent progress in strategies to optimize electrochemical performance from the perspective of electronic structure engineering is also summarized, including atomic doping, heterointerface engineering, and high-entropy nitride design. Finally, future directions for the development of MoxNy electrode materials are outlined, with the aim of guiding the design of next-generation energy storage devices that combine high energy density with high power density.关键词：supercapacitors;molybdenum nitrides;crystal structure;electronic structure;Energy Storage Mechanism26|11|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Supercapacitors must achieve both high energy density and high power density to meet the power supply demands of wearable and portable electronic devices as well as microelectromechanical systems. Maintaining fast ion transport kinetics under high active-material mass loadings (>10 mg/cm2) remains a central challenge in the fabrication of thick electrodes. Direct ink writing (DIW), a three-dimensional printing technique, enables the precise construction of vertically aligned, low-tortuosity channels and hierarchical porous structures, offering an effective route to alleviate ion transport limitations in thick electrodes. Given the complexity of ink rheology and the multifield coupling involved in DIW processes, data-driven approaches integrating machine learning provide efficient support for ink screening and electrode structure optimization. This review systematically outlines recent progress in DIW technology for supercapacitor applications. It elaborates on the rheological requirements and shear-induced orientation mechanisms of high-concentration capacitive inks based on MXene, graphene, and related materials. The application of machine learning to establish quantitative "process-structure-performance" correlations and to enable the inverse design of electrode topologies is also discussed. The technical advantages of 3D printing in constructing ultrathick electrodes, suppressing restacking of two-dimensional materials, and fabricating high-aspect-ratio microsupercapacitors are analyzed. Finally, current challenges in this field, including manufacturing precision, data standardization, and integration of multimaterial interfaces, are summarized, and the paradigm shift from experience-driven development to data-driven intelligent manufacturing is highlighted.关键词：Direct Ink Writing 3D Printing;supercapacitors;Microstructure Regulation;Thick Electrodes;Machine learning;data-driven36|29|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Aqueous supercapacitors have attracted considerable attention as promising next-generation energy storage devices owing to their intrinsic advantages such as high power density, low cost, safety, and environmental friendliness. However, their practical energy density remains limited by the narrow electrochemical stability window of conventional aqueous electrolytes, which is constrained by the thermodynamic decomposition voltage of water (about 1.23 V). The introduction of water-in-salt electrolytes significantly broadens the electrochemical stability window (up to about 3 V), thereby increasing the operating voltages of the devices and expanding the stable potential range of electrode materials, which synergistically enhances their specific capacitance. Moreover, the wide potential window broadens the selection of cathode and anode materials and enlarges their potential-matching range, enabling high-potential pseudocapacitive materials and hybrid capacitors to function stably in aqueous environments. In addition, the electrolytes can regulate the solvation structure and interfacial chemical environment, facilitating the formation of a stable interphase and ensuring reliable device operation under high-voltage conditions. Building on this, emerging derivative systems, including multisolute, hybrid-solvent, and gel-based water-in-salt electrolytes, retain the advantage of a wide electrochemical window and offer reduced viscosity, enhanced ionic conductivity, improved low-temperature performance, and added flexibility along with wide temperature adaptability. These features further expand the application potential of aqueous supercapacitors in flexible electronics and microscale energy storage. This review summarizes the fundamental concepts and working mechanisms of water-in-salt electrolytes, the origin of their wide electrochemical stability window, representative systems, current challenges, and optimization strategies. Particular emphasis is placed on the application progress of their derivative systems in supercapacitors. Finally, future directions for water-in-salt electrolytes are discussed, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis and research perspective for the development of next-generation aqueous supercapacitors that combine high operating voltage, excellent rate capability, high energy density, and strong environmental adaptability.关键词：water-in-salt electrolytes;supercapacitor;high voltage;solvation structure;interfacial passivation layer30|21|0更新时间：2026-07-01
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Recent advances in understanding of energy storage mechanisms in porous carbon-based supercapacitors
摘要：Electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) have demonstrated broad application prospects in power electronics, transportation, and defense due to their fast charge-discharge rates, high power density, and long cycle life. Porous carbon materials, with their high specific surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and low cost, have become the most commercially valuable electrode materials to date. In porous carbon supercapacitors, energy storage is achieved through the formation of an electric double layer at the solid-liquid interface as ions are adsorbed into the porous electrode under an applied voltage. Therefore, a thorough understanding of how the topology of confined nanoscale pores in porous carbon influences ion transport and charge storage mechanisms is crucial for the rational design of porous carbon electrodes. Based on this, this review summarizes the latest progress in energy storage mechanisms of porous carbons, emphasizing the critical role of theoretical simulation methods, such as molecular dynamics, in investigating charge storage and ion transport mechanisms. Special attention is given to recent advances including anomalous capacitance enhancement in subnanometer pores, oscillatory variation of charging rates in microporous carbons with pore size, cooperative mechanisms in mesoporous carbons, and pre-storage-synergistic transport mechanisms in hierarchical porous carbons. Finally, it is suggested that future research should advance toward experimentally constrained electrode model construction, the development of multiscale simulation methods, elucidation of pseudocapacitive mechanisms, and data-driven structural design. This review aims to deepen the understanding of energy storage mechanisms in porous carbon supercapacitors and provide a theoretical basis for the development of high-performance supercapacitors.关键词：supercapacitors;porous carbon;Molecular dynamics simulations;Charge storage;ion transport37|16|0更新时间：2026-07-01 - 摘要：Pseudocapacitive sodium ion storage materials, characterized by their combined high specific capacity and superior rate capability, are of significant value for the realization of sodium-ion capacitors with both high power and high energy density. This review systematically summarizes the charge storage mechanisms, electrochemical performance, and kinetic characteristics of pseudocapacitive materials, and provides an overview of the research progress in sodium-ion capacitors assembled using pseudocapacitive materials. The discussion primarily focuses on the structure-activity relationships between sodium ion storage mechanisms, structural regulation, and electrochemical performance intypical pseudocapacitive materials such as titanium-based, vanadium-based, and manganese-based. By deepening the understanding of the "sodium ion storage mechanism-performance synergy" in pseudocapacitive materials, this review innovatively proposes an advanced hybrid device design that couples high capacity battery-type positive electrodes with high-rate pseudocapacitive negative electrodes, thereby promoting the achievement of high energy density at high power densities and long cycle life in sodium-ion capacitors. Finally, an outlook on the future industrialization of high-performance sodium-ion capacitors is presented, targeting the demands of high-power application scenarios.关键词：Pseudocapacitance;Sodium-ion capacitor;Reaction mechanism;High-rate capability31|15|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) combine high energy density and high power density, demonstrating considerable potential for several applications such as grid frequency regulation and power compensation for data centers. However, the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and irreversible lithium insertion into the anode during cycling lead to substantial consumption of active lithium, considerably reducing the device performance. Prelithiation is considered a key strategy to address this problem; nevertheless, deep prelithiation induces "irreversible lithium" formation and SEI degradation. Thus, it is challenging to simultaneously achieve high energy density and long cycle life. This review systematically analyzes the critical roles of prelithiation in compensating for the initial lithium loss, constructing lithium reservoirs, and widening the operating voltage window, and it reveals the generation mechanism of "irreversible lithium" under deep prelithiation conditions as well as the SEI "self-accelerating" failure mechanism. In addition, four representative prelithiation strategies, i.e., direct-contact, electrochemical, chemical, and cathode prelithiation, are comparatively evaluated. The inherent limitations of these strategies in addressing the fundamental trade-off between high lithium compensation and interfacial stability are also discussed. Moreover, Recent advances in parameter regulation, interfacial modification, and interphase composition optimization are summarized. The study indicates that, from thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives, the existing strategies have not yet fundamentally resolved the formation of "irreversible lithium." Finally, future research directions, including "irreversible lithium" mitigation at its origin, controllable fabrication of hierarchical interfacial structures, and enhancement of the compatibility with scalable engineering processes, are proposed to guide the design of high-performance LICs.关键词：lithium-ion capacitors;prelithiation;Energy density improvement;Cycle life extension;interfacial stability;Irreversible lithium50|18|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Lithium-ion capacitor is a new hybrid energy storage device which lies between traditional double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). They integrate the advantages of high power density, high energy density, ultra-long cycle life, wide temperature adaptability and low safety risks, thus holding important application prospects in fields such as wind turbine pitch control, energy recovery from rail transit and automobile braking, power frequency regulation, and electromagnetic ejection equipment. However, the thermodynamic characteristic differences and kinetic rate mismatch between the battery-type anode and capacitor-type cathode in such devices have severely restricted the further improvement of their energy density and cycling stability. Meanwhile, to match the differentiated charge storage mechanisms of the anode and cathode, the electrolyte is required to simultaneously possess excellent electrochemical stability, good anode-cathode compatibility and high-efficiency lithium-ion conductivity; this stringent requirement has further limited the breakthrough in the comprehensive performance of LICs. In recent years, a series of breakthroughs have been achieved in this field regarding electrode material modification, electrolyte optimization and key device technologies, which have jointly promoted the improvement of power density and energy density of LICs. Distinguished from existing reviews that predominantly focus on single-material system improvements, this study adopts interface compatibility and kinetic matching as key analytical approaches. It systematically reviews research progress in core materials and key technologies for lithium-ion capacitors, elucidates synergistic mechanisms among component elements, and evaluates the impact of diverse technical pathways on device performance. Comprehensive analysis demonstrates that optimizing material structures, enhancing interfacial compatibility, and regulating kinetic matching are critical for improving overall device performance. Additionally, the study outlines emerging research frontiers and industrial trends, providing theoretical and technical references for large-scale application of this technology.关键词：lithium-ion capacitor;cathode;anode;electrolyte;pre-lithiation technology56|21|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Supercapacitors are energy storage devices that integrate high power density with extended cycle life, making them central to applications in new energy vehicles, portable electronics, and smart grids. Prussian blue analogues, with their distinctive open framework, adjustable redox-active sites, and high theoretical specific capacity, stand out as particularly promising electrode materials for these devices, as the three-dimensional ion channels in these compounds enable swift insertion and extraction of electrolyte ions, yielding exceptional rate performance. They are also cost-effective, owing to the abundance of raw materials and relatively simple synthesis routes. Despite these advantages, their widespread use is hampered by insufficient cycling stability, where a considerable gap exists between theoretical potential and long-term operational durability. This fundamental limitation arises mainly from lattice distortions and phase transitions triggered by repeated ion intercalation and deintercalation during charge-discharge cycles, dissolution and leaching of transition metal ions, as well as side reactions and structural deterioration caused by inherent interstitial water and lattice defects. This contribution methodically examines these three principal degradation mechanisms and surveys recent advances aimed at improving structural integrity through lattice engineering, interface modification, and electrolyte design. The paper concludes by identifying prospective research avenues, such as artificial intelligence-assisted prediction and the deployment of in-situ characterization methods, to inform the future development of high-performance energy storage systems based on Prussian blue materials.关键词：Prussian blue;supercapacitor;Cycle stability;lattice distortion;dissolution suppression27|18|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：The rapid development of generative artificial intelligence, autonomous driving, and the intelligent Internet of Things necessitates hardware with low latency, high energy efficiency, and high-density integration. Device architectures with discrete rectification and energy storage functions complicate the integration of neuromorphic computing hardware, restricting its application in miniaturized, low-power scenarios. Supercapacitor diodes, which are emerging iontronic devices featuring integrated rectification and energy storage functions, meet the requirements of highly integrated hardware systems. By utilizing ions as charge carriers, these devices realize unidirectional ion transport and reversible energy storage through a coupled ion-selective sieving and charge storage mechanism.This work first clarifies the core operating mechanism and physical model of supercapacitor diodes, mechanistically distinguishing them from traditional semiconductor diodes and capacitors. It subsequently reviews the design strategies and structure-activity relationships of non-Faradaic and Faradaic systems, clarifying their performance advantages and applicabilities. Concurrently, this work establishes a multidimensional performance evaluation system for integrated rectification and energy storage, analyzing the definition, calculation methods, and existing limitations of core performance indicators. Additionally, it summarizes the evolution path of the devices, from the basic two-electrode structure to the three-electrode gate-controlled system, and introduces the miniaturized and flexible fabrication technologies alongside the application progress. Finally, this work identifies the core bottlenecks for the large-scale application of the devices, including materials, fabrication technologies, and integration compatibility, proposing research directions in this field: conducting in-depth analysis of material structure-activity relationships to develop high-performance matched material and electrolyte systems, expanding the high-frequency performance boundary of the devices, and improving unified performance evaluation standards.关键词：supercapacitor diodes;integrated rectification and energy storage;electrochemical capacitance;iontronics;neuromorphic computing22|15|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Metal selenides have recently attracted considerable interest as advanced electrode materials for supercapacitors owing to their high intrinsic conductivity, tunable multilevel architectures, and abundant redox-active sites. These characteristics position them as a promising class of electrode materials following metal oxides. This review provides an overview of the crystal structures, electronic properties, and fundamental physicochemical characteristics of metal selenides and introduces major synthesis techniques, including hydrothermal, solvothermal, chemical vapor deposition, and template-directed methods. The electrochemical energy storage behavior of metal selenides is discussed in detail, particularly their storage mechanisms in supercapacitors, encompassing electric double-layer capacitive behavior based on ion adsorption/desorption and pseudocapacitive behavior dominated by rapid surface faradaic reactions. The electrochemical performance of typical single-metal selenides and bimetallic selenides is examined, along with their supercapacitor applications. Modification strategies for enhancing electrochemical performance are also summarized, including composite modification, morphology engineering, and interface engineering. Despite their significant advantages in energy density and power density, metal selenides still face challenges such as volume expansion, active material dissolution, and high cost. Future research should focus on material design, mechanistic analysis, and device integration to advance the practical application of metal selenide-based supercapacitors.关键词：metal selenides;electrochemical energy storage;supercapacitors;Electrode materials;optimization design25|12|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Supercapacitors are electrochemical energy storage devices characterized by high power density, rapid charge-discharge capability, and long cycle life, making them essential for applications such as energy buffering and pulsed power supply. However, their relatively low energy density limits their use in scenarios that demand sustained high-energy output. To address this limitation, the research paradigm has shifted from purely optimizing performance toward multifunctional integration, transforming supercapacitors from passive energy storage components into active functional platforms. Devices engineered around the principle of ion-confined transport have, for the first time, combined circuit-level functionalities such as rectification and switching with capacitive energy storage, bringing supercapacitor research into the domain of iontronics. In parallel, bio-inspired fluidic memristors have opened a promising route toward energy-efficient neuromorphic computing. Importantly, the ion-confined transport underlying supercapacitor behavior shares fundamental physical principles with the nonlinear ion dynamics governing fluidic memristors; both phenomena originate from selective ion transport and relaxation processes within nanoconfined environments. This overlap has given rise to a new research frontier, supercapacitor memristors, which seek to unify energy storage and memory functions in a single device through deliberate modulation of nonlinear ion transport in nanoconfined spaces. This review systematically traces the development of supercapacitor memristors from conceptual origins to functional realization, mapping their evolution from passive storage elements to intelligent functional platforms. It then examines the core physical mechanisms, specifically the nonlinear transport and relaxation dynamics of ions under nanoconfinement. Key structure-property design strategies for representative material platforms are summarized, and outstanding challenges related to microscopic mechanistic understanding, device stability, and system-level integration are identified. Finally, the article explores the potential of supercapacitor memristors in emerging areas including neuromorphic computing and capacitive computing architectures, outlining a roadmap for future research and practical application in this interdisciplinary field.关键词：supercapacitor;fluidic memristor;nonlinear ion transport;hysteresis loop;iontronics29|8|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Driven by the "dual carbon" goal, the new power system dominated by new energy has raised urgent demands for short-term and high-frequency energy storage technologies. This paper conducts a systematic analysis of the technical and economic characteristics of supercapacitor energy storage, establishes an evaluation model for the full life cycle cost and benefits, identifies the main obstacles affecting its development, and provides a systematic promotion path from four aspects: value accounting system, market trading mechanism, business model innovation, and policy guarantee. Through research, it is found that optimizing and integrating the system, entering the auxiliary service market, and considering the hybrid energy storage scheme of supercapacitors can significantly improve the economic situation of the project. It is expected that by 2030, the levelized energy storage cost of such projects will be more than one-third lower than the current level. The research results can provide a theoretical basis and decision-making support for the industrialization development of supercapacitor energy storage in the context of "dual carbon".关键词：dual-carbon target;super capacitor energy storage;technical economy;promotion path29|15|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Supercapacitors are an essential class of energy storage devices due to their high power density, fast charge-discharge cycles, long cycle life, and excellent safety performance. Porous carbon materials, owing to their abundant resources, good electrical conductivity, tunable structures, and high electrochemical stability, have long been considered as one of the most promising candidates for supercapacitor electrodes. However, the design of high-performance porous carbon materials for supercapacitors remains a significant challenge due to the complexity of precursor variability, the strong coupling of synthesis parameters, and difficulties in simultaneously optimizing pore structure and surface chemistry. Traditional trial-and-error approaches are no longer efficient enough to meet the demands of rapid and effective material design.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent progress in the design of porous carbon materials for supercapacitors, powered by artificial intelligence (AI). Specifically, the review follows a "data-model-mechanism-optimization" framework, which emphasizes the synergistic integration of data-driven methods, machine learning models, and mechanistic understanding. The first section discusses the key factors that influence the energy storage performance of supercapacitors, including pore structure, surface chemistry, defects, and electrolyte solvation. It highlights how the specific roles of nitrogen-, oxygen-, and sulfur-doped sites, as well as defects, can be controlled to enhance both electric double-layer capacitance (EDLC) and pseudocapacitance, depending on their chemical states and the interaction with the electrolyte environment.The review then moves on to summarize the data-driven AI workflows that are transforming the design of porous carbon materials. It explores data collection techniques, feature engineering approaches, model selection processes, and the role of interpretable AI. Key applications in performance prediction, precursor screening, and the optimization of synthesis parameters are discussed, including how AI models can predict the optimal pore structures, dopant levels, and synthesis routes for enhanced electrochemical performance. Additionally, the integration of AI with multiscale simulations—such as machine learning-based atomic potentials, density functional theory (DFT), and molecular dynamics (MD)—is examined, showing how these hybrid approaches provide deeper insights into the mechanisms governing ion transport and charge storage at the atomic scale.Furthermore, the review highlights representative achievements in AI-assisted inverse design and multi-objective optimization of supercapacitor devices. AI-driven methods have significantly advanced the understanding of multi-scale correlations between material properties, device parameters, and operational conditions. The ability to predict performance across different electrolytes and test conditions is a key milestone in advancing the generalizability of AI models.Finally, the review discusses the current challenges faced by the field, including data heterogeneity, inconsistent evaluation metrics, limited model generalization, and the disconnect between machine learning predictions and experimental validation. It proposes strategies to address these challenges, such as constructing minimal information sets, developing hierarchical evaluation benchmarks, strengthening the AI-simulation-characterization feedback loop, and promoting the development of automated experimental platforms.This review aims to guide future research in leveraging AI to transition the design of porous carbon materials for supercapacitors from empirical optimization to mechanism-driven discovery, ultimately leading to more efficient, reliable, and scalable energy storage solutions.关键词：supercapacitor;porous carbon;artificial intelligence;Machine learning;Synthesis Optimization;Multiscale Simulation61|80|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Electrolytes, as the primary medium for ion transport in carbon-based supercapacitors (SCs), govern key performance metrics such as capacitance, rate capability, cycling stability, and safety. Although traditional organic monocation electrolytes have seen steady improvements in potential window, ionic conductivity, and wide-temperature operability, the demand for next-generation electrolytes in the intelligent era is growing increasingly urgent. Organic bication electrolytes, owing to their distinctive structural advantages, show strong potential to outperform conventional systems. This review systematically surveys organic mixed bication systems (comprising combinations among organic cations and between organic and metal cations) and non-mixed bication systems (e.g., piperazine-, imidazole-, and pyrrole-based) from the perspectives of composition and structural features, with emphasis on their advantages in potential window, specific capacitance, and operating temperature range, as well as the underlying mechanisms. We conclude by identifying current research gaps and outlining future directions. Overall, this review offers guidance for the rational design of non-mixed organic bication electrolytes and deepens understanding of key properties and mechanisms governing potential window and ion transport.关键词：supercapacitors;electrolytes;organic bication;voltage window;ion transport29|16|0更新时间：2026-07-01
Special Issue of Key Materials and Devices of Supercapacitors
- 摘要：This bimonthly review paper highlights 100 recent papers on lithium batteries. We searched the Web of Science and found 4200 papers online from Feb. 1, 2026 to Mar. 29, 2026, from which 100 were selected for comments. The studies on cathode materials are focused on high-nickel layered oxides, Li-rich manganese-based oxides and some emerging manganese-based and organic cathodes, with particular attention paid to bulk doping, surface coating, heterostructure construction and structural stability upon cycling. For anode materials, lithium metal anodes are the major focus, concentrating on 3D host construction, alloying regulation, artificial interphase design and deposition behavior modulation, while Si-based anodes involve 3D structural design. Electrolyte studies cover halide, sulfide, oxide, fluoride, polymer and composite solid-state electrolytes, together with liquid electrolytes and additives designed for high-voltage, wide-temperature and high-safety applications. For battery technologies, all-solid-state lithium batteries remain the focus, with progress in dry-process electrodes, interfacial buffer layers, dendrite suppression and low-pressure operation, along with cathode design and catalytic regulation for lithium-sulfur batteries and explorations of anode-free and pyrite-based systems. Characterization studies mainly cover lithium deposition and diffusion, interfacial evolution and solid electrolyte stability. Battery recycling involves life-cycle assessment of pretreatment processes, mechanochemical recycling and hydrometallurgical routes based on electrochemical leaching. Calculations and deep learning are directed to coupled stress-transport behavior of electrodes, diffusion kinetics, screening of solid electrolytes and intelligent state estimation.关键词：lithium batteries;cathode material;anode material;solid state electrolyte;battery technology77|22|0更新时间：2026-07-01
Research Highlight
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