最新刊期
卷 15 ， 期 4 ， 2026
- 摘要：This study systematically evaluates the impact of combining the water-based binder polyacrylic acid (PAA) with different types of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) on lithium-ion battery performance. By keeping PAA content constant while varying SBR type, this study analyzes their effects on anode characteristics and full-cell electrochemical performance, and further investigates the performance evolution of electrodes and cells with increasing PAA content. Results indicate that the combination of lithiated SBR (SBR-Li) and PAA synergistically achieves low electrode impedance and excellent electrolyte wettability. Electrochemical tests demonstrate that small-particle, high-modulus SBR-Li reduces the cell AC impedance and DC internal resistance, increases the constant current ratio during 1 C charging by 2.4%, and improves capacity retention by about 1% after 500 cycles at 25℃. However, increasing PAA content by 0.5% raises cell impedance and reduces rate capability, although the cycle swelling rate decreases by 0.5%. This study demonstrates that the formulation of lithiated SBR and PAA can selectively tune the performance of silicon-based battery systems, providing crucial guidance for binder selection in silicon-based material applications.关键词：lithium-ion battery;silicon anode;PAA;SBR-Li203|102|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Salt hydrates are phase change materials with high heat storage capacity and wide application potential. However, supercooling seriously limits their use. The addition of metal oxide particles can effectively reduce its supercooling and further enhance its heat storage performance. Herein, KAl(SO4)2·12H2O-MgSO4·7H2O binary eutectic salt hydrates were selected as the heat storage matrix, and two types of Al2O3 particles were separately slightly doped through melt blending to regulate the heat storage performance of the hydrated salt. The optimal alumina type and doping amount were determined by analyzing phase change characteristics. The effect of Al2O3 particles on thermophysical properties and thermal stability of the binary eutectic salt hydrates was analyzed. Results show that γ-Al2O3 suppresses supercooling more effectively than α-Al2O3. With 0.3% γ-Al2O3, the supercooling degree of the composite PCM is 6.2℃, 33.3% lower than that of the substrate. The melting and thermal decomposition temperatures remain almost unchanged, and the melting enthalpy reaches 459 J/g, 16.5% higher than that of the substrate. After storage at 80℃ for 168 h, the supercooling degree is 3.5℃, maintaining good thermal stability. This study provides guidance for t efficient application of hydrated-salt phase-change heat-storage materials in building energy conservation and industrial waste heat recovery.关键词：phase change materials;salt hydrate;supercooling;Al2O3;thermophysical property74|46|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Solar energy resources are abundant in China, and the utilization of solar energy for heat storage and power generation has become a major research focus in the field of clean energy. In this study, a composite thermal diode composed of eicosane and polyethylene glycol (PEG) was constructed. By exploiting the thermal rectification effect arising from differences in their thermophysical properties, enhanced unidirectional heat transfer was achieved. This thermal rectification material was subsequently integrated into a photothermal-thermoelectric power generation device. Through the thermal rectification effect, both heat collection and thermal insulation performance were improved, thereby increasing the temperature difference across the thermoelectric modules under the same external heat input. As a result, the system is capable of capturing the same amount of external heat while maintaining and enlarging the temperature gradient between the hot and cold ends of the thermoelectric generator, leading to a significant improvement in power generation efficiency and output under identical environmental conditions. Furthermore, the mechanism of the thermal rectification effect in the eicosane-PEG composite system was analyzed, and numerical simulations were conducted under different size ratios and temperature difference conditions. The results indicate that under a temperature difference of 60℃, the optimal thermal rectification coefficient reached 1.405 when the size ratio of eicosane to PEG was 5∶5. Under the same size ratio, the influence of temperature difference on the thermal rectification effect was further examined. When the temperature difference increased to 90℃, a maximum thermal rectification coefficient of 1.53 was achieved. For practical application of the photothermal-thermoelectric power generation device, its power generation performance was evaluated under both steady-state and unsteady-state heating conditions. Under steady-state conditions, the incorporation of the thermal rectification material not only provided effective thermal insulation for internal eicosane during heating and cooling but also enhanced the overall power generation performance of the device. In a steady-state environment, the group incorporating the composite thermal diode exhibited a 20.79% increase in total power generation, with a maximum improvement in power generation efficiency of approximately 1.56 times. Under unsteady-state conditions, the average temperature of the internal eicosane heat storage material increased by up to 18℃, resulting in a 12.5% increase in power generation and a maximum enhancement in power generation efficiency of approximately 2.36 times.关键词：solar energy;phase change materials;Thermal rectification;thermal diodes;photothermal-thermoelectric power generation68|49|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：To systematically investigate the impact of metal fins on the melting kinetics and heat-storage behavior of phase-change materials (PCMs), aluminum-alloy fins were integrated with a heated baseplate via selective laser melting (SLM) three-dimensional (3D) printing. Thereafter, these additively manufactured structures were embedded in n-octadecane to construct composite PCM units. Melting experiments were conducted via constant-temperature bottom heating to track the melting-front evolution. Concurrently, a numerical model of the metal fin/n-octadecane melting and heat-storage processes was developed using COMSOL Multiphysics, and its accuracy was validated via a comparative analysis with experimental results. Leveraging the validated model, the effects of the metal-fin height, gradient, number, distribution pattern, and material on the overall melting kinetics were analyzed through simulations.Resultsreveal that the 3D-printed metal fins significantly enhanced the heat-storage rate by expanding the effective heat-transfer area, directing heat flow, and altering the morphological evolution of the melting front. The heat-storage rate increased with the increasing fin height before reaching a saturation point, with the optimal height identified as 25 mm. Fin gradient exerted a negligible effect on the melting rate. Distributed fins further enhanced heat transfer, with the melting rate increasing at first before decreasing as the number of fins increased, reaching an optimum at five fins. Further optimization of the uniform 5a baseline into a non-uniform 0.5a+4a+0.5a configuration improved the heat-storage rate by an additional 8%, representing a 260% thermal enhancement over pure PCM, making it the most effective fin distribution in this study. Among conventionally employed SLM-compatible 3D-printed metallic materials, pure copper exerted the most significant enhancement effect on the melting rate owing to its high thermal conductivity, imparting a 40.57% enhancement compared with the aluminum-alloy variant.关键词：metal fins;Phase change material;melting process;thermal storage rate;structural optimization75|40|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：To investigate heat transfer limitations in metal hydride hydrogen storage systems, numerical simulations were conducted on leaf-vein-inspired fin configurations and their operating parameters. Three fin structures with graded fractal complexity (Type Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ) were designed with identical fin volumes. The effects of fin geometry, inlet hydrogen pressure, heat transfer fluid velocity, and heat transfer fluid temperature on the absorption process were systematically analyzed. The results indicate that the Type Ⅲ fin improves temperature uniformity within the reaction bed by increasing the effective heat transfer area and enhancing radial thermal diffusion, thereby establishing a stable radial temperature gradient. Under identical operating conditions, the Type Ⅲ fin reduced the hydrogen absorption time to 670 s, which is 38.5% shorter than that of the Type Ⅰ fin. This confirms that topological fin optimization synergistically enhances both heat transfer and reaction kinetics. Parameter analysis reveals the following trends: hydrogen absorption accelerates with increasing inlet pressure up to 1.0 MPa, beyond which further pressure increases yield diminishing returns; heat transfer fluid velocities above 1 m/s provide limited additional benefit, as heat transfer becomes dominated by internal conduction within the metal hydride bed; although lower heat transfer fluid temperatures enhance the thermal driving force, performance gains diminish below 296.15 K. Therefore, near-ambient temperature operation is recommended to balance absorption efficiency and cooling energy consumption. In summary, a multibranch leaf-vein-inspired fin structure combined with appropriately selected operating parameters can effectively improve heat management and hydrogen absorption performance in metal hydride reactors, providing a practical basis for the design and operation of efficient hydrogen storage systems.关键词：Metal Hydride Hydrogen Storage;leaf-vein structure;Enhance heat transfer;Hydrogen storage operating parameters66|47|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：This study focuses on halide solid electrolytes, an emerging system that has rapidly developed and shows great potential in recent years. It systematically reviews their material classification, synthesis routes, and performance optimization strategies, providing insights and technical references to address key challenges in their large-scale application. First, the development history of halide solid electrolytes is outlined, main characteristics of different structural types are summarized, and differences in their ionic conductivity, mechanical properties, and environmental stability are compared. In terms of synthesis, three preparation methods with practical application prospects are highlighted, with systematic analysis of their applicable conditions, process features, and limitations. For performance optimization, effective approaches to enhance material ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability through element doping, lithium content regulation, and composite electrolyte construction are discussed, along with their underlying mechanisms. Current bottlenecks, including air sensitivity, interface stability, cost control, and scalable production, are summarized. Future directions, such as exploring new halide systems, AI-assisted material design, advanced characterization techniques, and theoretical simulations, are proposed. Through systematic review and in-depth analysis, this rveiew provides theoretical support and technical guidance for further research in the field of halide solid electrolytes, promoting their practical application in high-safety, high-energy-density all-solid-state batteries.关键词：halide solid-state electrolytes;ionic conductivity;electrochemical properties;All-solid-state batteries;stability228|191|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Pre-sodiation technology for sodium-ion batteries provides an additional source of active sodium ions to compensate for irreversible sodium ion loss at the anode during the first cycle. It thus improves cathode active material utilization efficiency and alleviates low energy density. Among various pre-sodiation techniques, organic sacrificial salts in cathodes are particularly attractive owing to their high environmental adaptability and no strict humidity control, making them suitable for large-scale application. This review focuses on organic sacrificial salts in cathodes, systematically surveying and analyzing the relevant literature. Based on functional groups, these organic sacrificial salts are categorized into sodium carboxylates and sodium phenoxides. Key characteristics of each type are introduced, and comparative analysis is performed using metrics such as specific capacity, decomposition voltage, reaction products, and raw material cost, thereby highlighting their strengths and limitations. Particular attention is given to sodium carboxylates, one of the most extensively studied classes, with in-depth discussion of their compensation mechanism, including sodium ion release, organic anion oxidation, and subsequent structural rearrangement, to clarify their operational principles. Critical challenges associated with organic sacrificial salts in cathodes, including gas evolution and residue formation during decomposition, are also addressed. Mainstream performance-enhancement strategies, such as carbon compositing to improve electrical conductivity, nanonization to boost reactivity, and double-layer coating to reinforce electrode stability, are summarized. These approaches offer viable routes to optimize the performance and practicality of organic sacrificial salts in cathodes. Finally, we propose design principles for future organic sacrificial salts in cathodes, emphasizing performance, process compatibility, and cost, to guide further research and development in this field.关键词：sodium-ion battery;Pre-sodiation Strategies;Organic Sacrificial Salts in Cathodes84|70|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) technology is a key pathway to large-scale hydrogen storage, transport, and distributed energy supply. Indole-based LOHCs show strong potential owing to their excellent safety and compatibility with existing petroleum infrastructure. The development of efficient catalytic systems is crucial to advancing the commercialization of indole-based LOHCs. Accordingly, this review summarizes the hydrogen storage and release mechanisms of indole-based LOHCs, systematizes catalysts developed for these reactions, elucidates the structure-performance correlations of catalysts, and analyzes the influence of key factors, including reaction temperature, pressure, and solvent properties, on catalytic performance. Nevertheless, current catalytic systems still face limitations such as reliance on noble metals, low atomic utilization of active components, and inadequate long-term stability. To address these issues, future efforts should focus on developing atomically dispersed catalysts with low metal loading to reduce costs and enhance atomic efficiency. Moreover, combining in situ characterization techniques and density functional theory calculations can elucidate underlying mechanisms, such as hydrogen spillover and intermediate conversion, and guide the rational design of catalysts. Integrating process-intensification strategies, including advanced reactor design, will further enable mild-condition operation and efficient regeneration of catalysts and LOHCs, ultimately accelerating the industrial application of indole-based LOHCs in hydrogen energy storage and transport.关键词：liquid organic hydrogen carriers;indole and its derivatives;hydrogen energy;hydrogenation catalyst;dehydrogenation catalyst39|33|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Solid particle thermal storage exhibits great application potential in the thermal storage field due to its high stability and low cost. As the core of thermal storage systems, thermal storage material properties, such as specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity, directly affect system efficiency and application prospects. Currently, thermal storage materials face issues such as poor compatibility with systems and challenges balancing cost and performance, which hinder the large-scale engineering application of solid particle thermal storage. Focusing on the urgent demand for high-efficiency thermal storage technologies in the current energy sector, this paper first reviews commonly used solid particle thermal storage materials, domestic and abroad, along with their basic performance parameters and main evaluation indicators. Subsequently, it emphasizes the applications of these materials in electric heating, flue gas heating, and steam heating, including the differentiated performance requirements for materials in three scenarios, commonly used material types, recent domestic and international application cases in various temperature ranges, and existing problems and ongoing challenges in applications. Subsequently, the paper analyzes commonly used material optimization and modification methods, mainly introducing component modification and surface treatment, both of which can effectively make up for the performance shortcomings of materials according to actual needs. Finally, combined with current demands, it outlines the future development directions of thermal storage materials, providing comprehensive guidance for the design, performance optimization, and engineering application of solid particle thermal storage materials.关键词：Solid particle heat storage material;electric heating;Flue gas heating;Steam heating;material modification86|73|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Liquid air energy storage (LAES) represents a nascent, large-scale physical energy storage technology that offers high energy density, environmental benignity, and site-selection flexibility. LAES has gained significant attention as an effective approach for satisfying peak-shaving requirements in power systems. During system operation, high-boiling point impurities, such as atmospheric water vapor (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2), tend to undergo condensation, desublimation (frosting), or deposition within the system, thereby concurrently compromising operational efficiency and inducing flow-channel blockage and potential operational failures. Adsorptive separation presents a promising solution to these challenges, offering a favorable balance between operational simplicity and high purification efficiency. The performance of the adsorption bed, as a critical unit of the LAES pretreatment system, is fundamentally governed by the synergistic effect of the physicochemical properties of the adsorbent and the structural design of the bed. This paper presents reviews of recent advances in various adsorbent classes, including activated carbon, molecular sieves, metal-organic frameworks, zeolites, silica gel, and composite porous materials. The reviews also compare their specific surface areas, hydrophilicity, and low-temperature-adsorption capacity to assess the suitability of the materials for H2O and CO2 capture, as well as discuss methods for tuning and optimizing adsorbent properties. Subsequently, recent advancements in axial- and radial-flow adsorption beds are systematically explored, highlighting their structural, flow- and pressure-field, and adsorption-performance differences, as well as the corresponding structural optimization strategies. The findings provide theoretical guidance for optimizing adsorption processes in LAES systems.关键词：liquid air energy storage;adsorbent;adsorption bed;research progress;structural optimization29|35|0更新时间：2026-07-01
Energy Storage Materials and Devices
- 摘要：With the global transition toward clean and low-carbon energy systems, the randomness and volatility associated with high-penetration renewable energy integration pose significant challenges to power system balance. Traditional "source-follows-load" dispatching models struggle to accommodate large-scale renewable energy consumption. This study focuses on a 100 MW-level source-grid-load-storage integrated industrial park in Xinjiang and proposes a three-stage multi-timescale dispatching strategy, including day-ahead optimization, intraday rolling correction, and real-time rapid-response scheduling. To efficiently solve (PSO) the resulting high-dimensional dispatch model, an elite-preferred particle swarm optimization algorithm is developed. The algorithm generates initial solutions through logical judgment and introduces an elite particle screening mechanism, which significantly reduces the search dimension and effectively avoids local optima. Practical implementation demonstrates that monthly wind and solar curtailment was reduced to 4.9%, achieving renewable energy absorption of 62200.13 MWh per month. A self-developed smart control platform addresses the challenges of renewable energy integration and power balance in 100 MW-level industrial parks. This research fills the technical gap in large-scale integrated energy system regulation, provides a replicable solution for low-carbon transformation, and supports the construction of new power systems.关键词：Source-grid-load-storage integration;Multi-timescale dispatching;Particle swarm optimization;Renewable energy consumption;100 MW-level industrial park88|76|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：To address the imbalance of interregional peak-shaving resources and conflicting objectives in cross-level dispatch, this study formulates a hierarchical optimal dispatch strategy for energy storage peak shaving in regionally interconnected power systems. The model considers the characteristics of grid-province coordinated dispatch and the peak-shaving advantages of energy storage systems. First, a regional power interconnection dispatch mode is constructed based on a bilevel programming model to achieve spatiotemporal complementarity of peak-shaving resources through coordinated tie-line power and energy storage scheduling. Second, a bilevel peak-shaving optimization model incorporating energy storage is established. The upper-layer model, based on global information from two regions, coordinates interprovincial peak-shaving resources with the objective of minimizing system net load fluctuations and operating costs. It optimizes the coordinated dispatch of peak-shaving thermal units, energy storage charging and discharging power, and planned tie-line power exchanges. The lower-layer model receives upper-level instructions as constraints and allocates power among energy storage stations within a province, aiming to maximize the net revenue of provincial energy storage dispatch while considering energy storage lifespan degradation costs and the economic weight distribution coefficient for charging and discharging. Subsequently, the Improved Grey Wolf Optimization algorithm and the Mixed-Integer Linear Programming method are employed to solve the model and achieve collaborative optimization. Finally, simulation analysis is conducted on a two-region interconnected power system. The results indicate that the proposed strategy reduces the load peak-valley difference rate from 18.87% to 10.26%, effectively improving regional load characteristics, enhancing overall system efficiency, and increasing the revenue of energy storage power stations.关键词：regionally interconnected power system;energy storage peak-shaving;hierarchical optimization;optimal dispatch strategy;grid-province coordination50|58|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Short-term load forecasting (STLF) in active distribution networks (ADNs) with distributed energy storage systems (DESS) is complicated by operational disturbances, pronounced voltage fluctuations, and highly non-stationary load patterns. To improve forecasting accuracy while ensuring physical consistency under DESS integration, a short-term load forecasting model integrating voltage fluctuation awareness and topological constraints is proposed. First, to handle missing or discontinuous DESS data in practical engineering scenarios, a power reconstruction method is developed based on nodal power balance and temporal continuity constraints, thereby improving the completeness of key input variables. Second, to capture the influence of DESS-induced local voltage variations on load response, a nodal voltage fluctuation index is constructed to refine voltage features, followed by the fusion of historical load, reconstructed DESS power, and time-aligned voltage characteristics. A hybrid LSTM-PatchTST framework is then established, in which LSTM captures local temporal dynamics and PatchTST characterizes long-term dependencies, while residual correction and ensemble learning further improve model stability. In addition, DESS capacity boundaries and line flow limits are incorporated into the training process as topological constraint loss terms to enhance model adaptability to the physical operating limits of the grid. Simulation results based on half-year operational data from a real ADN demonstrate that the proposed model accurately tracks load trends during active DESS regulation. At a 15-minute resolution, the model achieves a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 2.73%, corresponding to a reduction of 23.53% and 32.43% compared with two benchmark methods. The results indicate that the synergistic integration of power reconstruction, voltage awareness, and topological constraints significantly enhances the ability of the model to represent source-network-load-storage coupling and provides reliable data support for DESS dispatch and smart grid operation.关键词：distributed energy storage system;active distribution network;load forecasting;voltage fluctuation awareness;storage-load coupling;topology-constrained modeling60|37|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：With the continuous improvement of the penetration of wind turbines in the power system, its variable and intermittent characteristics lead to an increase in the frequency regulation burden of the power system. This paper studies the primary frequency regulation strategy of wind farms based on battery energy storage system. Firstly, aiming at the problem that the fixed virtual inertia and droop coefficients in the traditional control may lead to the mismatch between the inertia support and the system demand, the adaptive integrated frequency regulation strategy based on fuzzy control is studied. By adjusting the virtual droop and inertia coefficient in real time, the response characteristics of the system are improved. In order to improve the dynamic response performance of the system under traditional proportional integral control, the nonlinear active disturbance rejection control (non-linear active disturbance rejection control, NL-ADRC) is studied to control power. The control parameters of NL-ADRC are optimized by particle swarm optimization algorithm to realize the optimal configuration of NL-ADRC parameters, so as to reduce the frequency fluctuation. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed strategy can reduce the system frequency fluctuation and enable the system frequency to reach the steady state faster.关键词：battery energy storage systems;primary frequency regulation;fuzzy control;active disturbance rejection control44|25|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：To better cope with power fluctuations in DC microgrids and meet the energy balance requirements of electrical signal resources, research is conducted on power and energy management strategies for mechanical transformers based on hybrid energy storage in DC microgrids. Analyze the application of mechanical transformers in DC microgrids, and achieve complementary functions for hybrid energy storage systems, completing the positioning of microgrid system architecture and functions. On this basis, a hierarchical control architecture is proposed, and key control algorithms are combined to improve power and energy management strategies. Using the dynamic response limitation of mechanical transformers as a starting point, manage the lifespan of hybrid energy storage, and analyze the challenges and specific solutions faced by hybrid energy storage technology.关键词：hybrid energy storage;mechanical transformer;DC microgrid power;energy management;functional complementarity;layered control33|30|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：The construction of the new power system is affected by the volatility of new energy, the problem of consumption and the insufficient regulation of traditional power grids, and thus requires the support of energy storage technology. However, factors such as high investment costs and imperfect profit mechanisms hinder the large-scale application of energy storage, thereby impeding the coordinated development of energy storage economy and new energy economy. Based on an in-depth analysis of the foundation and environment for the integrated development of the two, this article proposes strategies from aspects such as market mechanisms and policy coordination, aiming to enhance the flexibility of the new power system and the utilization rate of new energy.关键词：Power System;energy storage economy;new energy economy;market mechanism;integrated development29|37|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：In megawatt-level gravity energy storage systems, utilizing electrically excited motors for direct grid connection effectively leverages inherent motor characteristics to provide transient voltage and frequency support. However, using a single mass-grade weight block to store and release gravitational potential energy cannot provide smooth, continuous regulation of power fluctuations in a renewable-energy grid-connected system. Therefore, optimizing weight-block mass grading is a critical engineering approach toward fine-step power regulation. To address this practical issue, this study proposes an improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II-based weight-block grading strategy. The optimization targets are two conflicting objectives: minimizing the number of weight-block grades and minimizing the average power-compensation error. Considering practical engineering constraints, such as mass boundaries of weight blocks and operational frequencies per block within a single period, a multi-objective optimization model is established for weight-block mass grading. A greedy local search strategy is incorporated to handle these engineering constraints, thereby ensuring that the optimization results meet practical requirements and effectively address the grading problem of gravity energy storage. To enhance the reliability of the solution set, 10 independent optimization runs are executed. Subsequently, multi-dimensional evaluation metrics, including hypervolume, crowding distance, and ideal point distance, are combined with the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) to comprehensively evaluate each run and identify the optimal Pareto front. Using an average power-compensation error not exceeding 5% as the engineering decision criterion, the scheme with the minimum number of grades is selected as the optimal solution. For typical everyday wind, solar, and load-power fluctuations across spring, summer, autumn, and winter, an optimal weight-block grading combination is achieved for a 100 MWh gravity energy storage system. Finally, the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed grading scheme are validated via Monte Carlo simulations using eight randomly generated disturbance scenarios.关键词：gravity energy storage;mass grading;NSGA-II;greedy local search;TOPSIS;Monte Carlo40|40|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Driven by the "dual-carbon" goals, sloped gravity energy storage systems have attracted significant attention due to their ability to balance fluctuations in renewable energy. However, the complex coupling between the mechanical and electrical subsystems of the system makes it difficult for a single modeling tool to meet the simulation requirements. This paper focuses on the mechanical-electrical integrated simulation of sloped gravity energy storage systems and discusses multi-tool collaborative modeling strategies. By analyzing the working principles and characteristics of sloped gravity energy storage systems, the necessity of multi-tool collaborative modeling is expounded. Commonly used modeling tools and their collaborative approaches are introduced in detail, providing theoretical support and methodological references for the research and optimal design of sloped gravity energy storage systems, so as to promote their development and application in the energy storage field.关键词：mechanical-electrical integrated simulation;multi-tool collaborative modeling;energy storage system optimization24|25|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：To enhance energy utilization efficiency within an integrated energy system (IES), promote the application of new energy technologies on the power generation side, and better meet energy demand, an IES model incorporating a pumped hydraulic compressed air energy storage (PH-CAES) module was developed. Based on typical daily operation data from an industrial park, two operation modes were proposed, and the operational characteristics of the IES were analyzed. In addition, the influence of capacity configuration of each module within the energy storage system on overall system performance was investigated using performance evaluation indicators. The results show that incorporating a PH-CAES-based energy storage system in the industrial park can effectively improve the park's energy self-sufficiency rate. Under the peak-load shifting and valley charging mode, the maximum self-sufficiency rate can reach approximately 98%, while under the internal power supply priority mode, it can reach 100%, achieving complete self-sufficiency without relying on the external grid. However, increasing the capacity of energy storage modules leads to a reduction in the overall efficiency of the energy storage system. Taking a battery module capacity of 300 kWh as an example, the overall efficiency of the energy storage system under the peak-load shifting and valley charging mode ranges from 88.8%—68.6%, while under the internal power supply priority mode, it ranges from 88.9%—73.1%. For the selected typical day, the peak-load shifting and valley charging mode yields higher economic benefits than the internal power supply priority mode. The maximum profit under the former mode is 4817.51 yuan, whereas that under the latter mode is 4407.47 yuan. This study provides a new approach for the construction of integrated energy systems and offers a reference for the application and capacity configuration of PH-CAES technology.关键词：integrated energy system(IES);pumped hydraulic compressed air energy storage(PH-CAES);operational characteristics;capacity configuration65|42|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Flywheel energy storage technology is an electromechanical energy conversion system that releases kinetic energy through high-speed rotating bodies and stores it. In practical work, electric energy and mechanical energy can be dynamically exchanged and converted through the flywheel itself, which has multiple advantages such as fast response speed, long cycle life, high conversion efficiency, and low pollution, and has good application prospects and research value. This study systematically analyzed the structural and trajectory characteristics of modern flywheel energy storage systems. It can be concluded that the flywheel energy storage system needs to achieve a synergistic optimization of lightweight, high strength, and long life through layered composite design and the synergistic effect of multiple materials at the structural level; At the dynamic trajectory level, the bidirectional energy flow coupling during the energy conversion process ensures the nonlinear attenuation of efficiency and the disturbance suppression characteristics of load dynamic matching laws.关键词：flywheel energy storage;Structural analysis;dynamic features34|74|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：With the increasing proportion of renewable energy, the power grid is facing intermittent and fluctuating challenges, and large-scale long-term energy storage technology is urgently needed. As a mature technology, pumped storage is limited by geographical conditions, but its information and intelligent transformation provides an important reference for the development of new productivity. Gravity energy storage technology has become a research hotspot because of its advantages of flexible site selection, high efficiency and environmental friendliness. In this paper, the principle and development status of vertical and sloping gravity energy storage technologies are systematically analyzed, and the key issues such as weight control, grid-connected technology and system efficiency are discussed by integrating them into the informatization practice of pumped storage projects. It is pointed out that gravity energy storage technology needs to make breakthroughs in heavy-weight transmission, cluster control and material research and development, and informationization and intelligence will be the important development direction in the future. The engineering management and control experience of pumped storage can provide reference for it.关键词：gravity energy storage;pumped storage;renewable energy;informatization64|41|0更新时间：2026-07-01
Energy Storage System and Engineering
- 摘要：Accurate temperature prediction methods for lithium-ion batteries are crucial for timely detection and mitigation of thermal runaway, ensuring battery safety. This study proposes a hybrid temperature-prediction framework that integrates physics-based (model-driven) and neural network (NN; data-driven) methodologies. First, the framework establishes a thermoelectric coupled model integrating a first-order resistor-capacitor electrical model with a first-order thermal model, followed by parameter identification via adaptive forgetting factor recursive least squares (VFFRLS). To address the diminished precision of the equivalent thermal model in regions of rapid temperature changes due to spatial and material simplifications, an adaptiveweighted physics-informed NN (AWPINN) is introduced. This framework integrates data-driven flexibility with model physics by incorporating the output of the thermoelectric coupled model as a learnable parameter constraint. Experimental validation at 20℃ demonstrates that the proposed AWPINN method achieves a mean absolute error of 0.242, a root-mean-square error of 0.4069, and a coefficient of determination of 0.9693, outperforming conventional benchmarks. Further, it maintains excellent predictive capability across a broad operational range of 0—40℃, validating the adaptability and practicality of the model under varying temperature conditions.关键词：lithium-ion battery;temperature prediction;Recursive Least Squares Method;parameter identification;physics-informed neural network54|56|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：To address the limitations of conventional state of health (SOH) point estimation methods for lithium-ion batteries, this study develops a more practical SOH interval estimation method. Most previous interval estimation methods rely on distribution assumptions. However, when real-world battery data deviate from these assumptions, estimation biases may be introduced, consequently reducing estimation reliability. Consequently, the distribution-free lower upper bound estimation (LUBE) method has gradually attracted attention, although it still faces critical challenges. First, the loss function is non-differentiable, complicating model optimization. Second, several studies employed Sigmoid functions to transform non-differentiable loss functions into differentiable loss functions; however, this approach often requires manual slope-parameter tuning. Third, previous studies mostly rely on capacity as an ideal health indicator; however, accurately measuring capacity is costly, and this limits the real-world applicability of this method. To address these shortcomings, this study proposes a distribution-free SOH interval estimation method for quantifying LIB SOH using multiple health indicators. First, the kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) method is applied to reduce the dimensionality of the extracted health indicators. Based on this, a dual-output neural network model is constructed; this model introduces a loss function that eliminates the need for manual slope-parameter tuning, enabling it to stably output high-quality prediction intervals based on the reduced-dimensional data. Experimental results using the publicly available CALCE dataset demonstrate that the proposed method consistently meets nominal-confidence-level requirements while significantly improving prediction-interval quality.关键词：lithium-ion batteries;State of Health;distribution-free interval estimation;lower upper bound estimate;kernel principal component analysis68|48|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：With outstanding energy density, high-nickel NCM ternary lithium-ion cells are gradually becoming mainstream choices for premium electric vehicles and next-generation low-altitude aircraft. Nevertheless, their current market share remains limited, and studies on their latent safety hazards are still scarce. Herein, an accelerating rate calorimeter, a gas chromatography, and a 20-L sphere gas explosion device were combined to systematically investigate heat generation, gas evolution, and gas explosion characteristics of commercial NCM811 lithium-ion cells during thermal runaway at different states of charge (SOC). Results show that both the self-heating onset temperature T1 and the thermal runaway trigger temperature T2 decrease with increasing SOC, while the incubation time Δt12 between T1 and T2 shortens markedly, indicating a pronounced deterioration in thermal safety. Moreover, high SOC increases the total volume of thermal runaway gases and sharply raises the fraction of flammable species such as H2 and CO; Consequently, the lower explosive limit of the evolved mixture decreases and explosion risk intensifies. To quantify the overall risk, a comprehensive assessment model that integrates the intrinsic thermal hazard and the secondary gas hazard is proposed. These findings offer practical guidance for safety-oriented design and enhanced protection of high-nickel NCM ternary lithium-ion cells.关键词：lithium-ion cell;thermal runaway;gas generation;Explosion limit;Risk assessment66|64|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Micro-defects on nickel sheet connection pieces, such as scratches and pits, are challenging to detect due to their low contrast and weak depth variations in both two-dimensional grayscale images and three-dimensional depth data. To address this challenge, this study proposes a multi-channel image fusion detection framework based on the FDI-YOLOv10n model. First, a channel-level image fusion strategy is employed to deeply integrate two-dimensional texture information from grayscale images with three-dimensional spatial features from depth images at the channel level, thereby enhancing the ability of the model to extract discriminative defect features. Second, to further improve feature extraction efficiency, a FasterCGLU-MANet hybrid aggregation module is developed by combining an improved FasterBlock-CGLU unit with the MANet architecture, enabling richer semantic feature representation while accelerating inference. Additionally, a robust feature downsampling mechanism is introduced to mitigate interference from redundant image information through a hierarchical processing strategy spanning shallow and deep network layers. Finally, an Inner-MPDIoU composite loss function is designed by integrating internal-region overlap constraints with boundary alignment optimization, thereby substantially improving the stability of bounding-box regression. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves a mAP@0.5 of 96.1% and a detection speed of 333.3 fps on a self-constructed dataset, satisfying industrial requirements for high-precision and real-time defect detection in lithium-ion battery manufacturing.关键词：FDI-Yolov10n;Multi-channel image fusion;Hybrid aggregation module;Robust feature downsampling36|44|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：With the rapid development of intelligent logistics warehousing, as a key power source, the performance and reliability of lithium-ion batteries have received extensive attention. This paper focuses on the application of lithium-ion battery health management strategies based on multi-parameter coupling models in intelligent logistics warehousing. At the theoretical level, a multi-parameter coupling model is constructed, comprehensively considering parameters such as the electrochemistry, thermology, and mechanics of lithium-ion batteries to achieve accurate assessment of battery status. The application of this model in battery health status monitoring and remaining useful life prediction is elaborated in detail, effectively improving the safety and stability of lithium-ion batteries in intelligent logistics warehousing and providing strong support for optimizing logistics warehousing operations.关键词：lithium-ion batteries;multi-parameter coupling model;health management strategy21|41|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Vanadium flow batteries (VFBs) are susceptible to abnormal capacity decay due to electrolyte volume imbalance during long-term operation. Therefore, accurate state of health (SOH) prediction is essential for maintaining system stability. In this study, a battery cycle aging data-based method based on adaptive variational mode decomposition and reconstruction (AVMDR) is proposed to address the capacity regeneration phenomenon observed during battery aging. The proposed method is applied to state-of-health time-series analysis. Correlation analysis is employed to reconstruct a fluctuation function F(t) characterizing the capacity regeneration features and a main trend function M(t) representing the dominant capacity decay trend. An integrated neural network (INN) model is then constructed by employing a long short-term memory (LSTM) network and a Transformer model to handle the distinct characteristics of functions F(t) and M(t), respectively. Furthermore, probability distribution calculations are performed to address the uncertainties in the prediction outcomes. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed hybrid model are validated using experimental aging data. Results demonstrate that the model maintains a root mean square error below 0.45% across multiple time scales, outperforming conventional models in both accuracy and stability.关键词：vanadium flow batteries;State of Health;adaptive variational mode decomposition and reconstruction;Long short-term memory;Transformer model52|40|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：As key components of backup power systems in data centers, lead-acid batteries are prone to sulfation, grid corrosion, and other aging phenomena under long-term float charge conditions, resulting in capacity attenuation and early failure. The traditional internal resistance test method cannot accurately evaluate the health status of acid-lead batteries. Therefore, a joint analysis method based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) is proposed to systematically study the aging mechanism of lead-acid batteries under float charge conditions. The GFM-360E valve-regulated lead-acid battery was selected for the experiments, which covered three aging states: not in service, qualified in service, and unqualified in service. EIS measurements were conducted at different states of charge (SOC). Subsequently, DRT was used to deconvolute the impedance data and extract the ohmic resistance (Rohm), characteristic peak positions (P1—P4), peak areas, and other key parameters. The results show that the EIS curve exhibits a diffusion slant in the low-frequency region, coupling the P3 and P4 peaks in the DRT spectrum to form a wide giant peak (peak area > 150%), and an increase of Rohm of more than 30%. These can effectively identify aging modes such as the sulfation of active substances, electrolyte drying, and grid corrosion. By constructing the comparative analysis framework of "different aging states with the same SOC" and "different SOC values with the same aging state," the aging judgment index system based on EIS-DRT was established, and the multi-dimensional quantitative diagnosis of the aging state of lead-acid batteries was realized. This method overcomes the subjectivity of the traditional equivalent circuit model, improves the accuracy and reliability of aging predictions, and provides an effective technical means for the precise health management of lead-acid batteries under floating charge conditions.关键词：lead-acid battery;electrochemical impedance spectroscopy;distribution of relaxation times;aging diagnosis;floating charge66|110|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Novel model considering electrochemistry, battery aging, and heat transfer is developed for the design and optimization of battery thermal management systems (BTMS) to ensure efficient and durable battery operation. The multiphysics behaviors of BTMSs under different working cycles are analyzed and compared. Results show that solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation in aged battery packs leads to high heat generation rates. The reversible heat generation rate gradually decreases during cycling owing to SEI formation and Li+ reduction inside the battery. By contrast, the irreversible heat generation rate increases with cycling. Meanwhile, the increase in irreversible heat generation was much higher than the decrease in reversible heat generation, causing the total heat generation rate to rise continuously during cycling. Consequently, the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference after 1000 cycles of BTMS are higher than the initial case by 2.54, 2.15, 1.93 K and 2.34, 2.04, 1.85 K, respectively. Such significant deviations in maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference caused by capacity fade will definitely affect BTMS design. Without considering battery aging, an airflow velocity of 0.05 m/s is sufficient for BTMSs to meet the requirements for maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference. However, when capacity fade is considered, BTMSs cannot maintain battery pack temperature within the required limits after 1000 cycles under the investigated inlet velocity. Thus, optimization schemes are proposed for BTMSs to ensure effective thermal management for battery packs during long-term cycling. The addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles at different volume fractions consistently enhances the cooling performance of BTMSs. Furthermore, increasing nanoparticle volume fraction made the nanofluid-based BTMS more effective in controlling thermal behaviors of the battery pack. After 1000 cycles, the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference decrease by 1.24, 0.98, 0.86 K and 1.09, 0.88, 0.79 K for water-1% Al2O3; 1.92, 1.56, 1.36 K and 1.63, 1.52, 1.27 K for water-3% Al2O3; 2.64, 2.20, 1.94 K and 2.29, 2.02, 1.83 K for water-5% Al2O3, respectively. For the optimized BTMS operation strategy based on battery heat generation, this method more effectively controls thermal behavior and mitigates battery capacity fade in all working cycles while significantly reducing pressure loss and increasing battery discharge potential. For the aged battery pack after 1000 cycles, the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference decrease by 5.98, 4.17, 3.04 K and 4.27, 2.79, 1.81 K, respectively, using the optimized strategy.关键词：Li-ion battery;battery thermal management system;battery aging;heat transfer;numerical simulation47|67|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Accurate prediction of lithium-ion battery capacity is of great significance for its safe and stable operation. Hence, this study refers to lithium-ion batteries as batteries, refers to batteries with known full-life cycle data as test batteries, refers to batteries currently in use with limited data as in-service batteries, and proposes an in-service battery capacity prediction model based on transfer learning that accounts for degradation phase characteristics. First, the double Bacon-Watts method is adopted to divide the entire life cycle of test batteries into three degradation phases: early, middle, and end phases. Subsequently, a phased matching mechanism for batteries is constructed. Based on the Time Warping Edit Distance between the early-stage capacity data of test batteries and the capacity data of in-service batteries, this mechanism obtains test batteries compatible with in-service batteries through a two-step screening process, providing high-quality data samples for subsequent model training. On the basis of phase division, the phase code is characterized by identifying both the current phase attribution of the test battery and the relative position information within that phase. Then, a multi-layer perceptron is applied to perform feature mapping on the phase codes. The mapped phase features are embedded into a long short-term memory network, while an accelerated degradation loss term is introduced simultaneously to guide the model in learning the actual degradation law of batteries, thereby achieving capacity prediction for the test batteries. Finally, the prediction model parameters of the test batteries are fine-tuned and then transferred to the capacity prediction task of in-service batteries. Validation was conducted using the public dataset from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The model's prediction results show that the mean absolute error, mean absolute percentage error, and Root Mean Squared Error are all below 1%, providing a reliable solution for the early-phase capacity prediction of in-service batteries.关键词：lithium-ion batteries;test battery matching;stage degradation;accelerated degradation;transfer learning;Capacity prediction31|32|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Aquifer compressed air energy storage (CAESA) technology, characterized by large storage capacity and environmental friendliness, is a promising large-scale energy storage approach. However, the extent and pathways of energy loss during high-speed air injection and production remain unclear. Considering non-Darcy seepage and wellbore-stratum coupling, this study determines the pressure, flow rate, and temperature distributions of the compressed air system in the wellbore and formation during high-speed injection and production through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. A multi-index energy loss evaluation system centered on enthalpy, pressure energy, internal energy, and kinetic energy is proposed to quantitatively analyze variations of each energy component in the injection-production cycle, identify key factors affecting energy loss, and propose mitigation measures. Results indicate that pressure energy loss constitutes the primary form of system energy dissipation, accounting for 78%—88% of total energy. Friction and kinetic energy losses during the production stage are 4.7—5.3 times and 4.6—5.1 times those during the injection stage, respectively. Energy loss can be significantly reduced by optimizing working gas volume (<5×104 m3), improving bottom-hole seepage conditions (skin factor<0), and lowering tubing roughness (<1%). Injecting gas into deep formations enables gas heating and geothermal energy exploitation, offsetting other energy losses and enhancing overall energy performance. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for optimal design and efficient operation of CAESA systems.关键词：compressed air energy storage;Energy loss evaluation;Wellbore-stratum coupling model;Non-Darcy flow;Mitigation strategy36|39|0更新时间：2026-07-01
Energy Storage Test\: Methods and Evaluation
- 摘要：This study constructs a corpus of 149 policy documents issued by central and local governments between 2016 and 2025 to systematically unpack the evolution of China's new-type energy storage policies through a diachronic discourse analysis using dynamic topic modeling. The findings reveal that central-level policies, anchored in rigid safety and grid-access requirements, have shifted their focus from initial functional validation and institutional breakthroughs to system integration and institutional foundation-building, and now to market-based value realization. Meanwhile, local-level policies began with manufacturing capacity development, progressed through administratively driven scale-up, and are now advancing toward integrated governance combining safety regulation, market incentives, and targeted support. Functionally, the two tiers exhibit a complementary pattern of top-down design and localized experimentation. Temporally, they demonstrate strategic guidance from the center and adaptive responses from localities. A pivotal turning point in 2025 was the abolition of mandatory colocation requirements, marking a systemic transition from policy-dependent to market-driven development. This study draws on large-scale textual evidence to elucidate the adaptive trajectory through which China's new-type energy storage governance system is evolving from exogenous incentives toward endogenous sustainability.关键词：new-type energy storage;policy discourse;central-local coordination;topic modeling47|28|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：The extended producer responsibility (EPR) system requires producers to be accountable for the entire life cycle of their products, bearing closed-loop responsibility throughout all links including production, sales, use and recycling. Producers of batteries shall be responsible for the whole life cycle of batteries covering production, use and recycling. From the perspective of extended producer responsibility, this paper focuses on analyzing China's power battery recycling and utilization system. It explores the current legislative status of power battery recycling and utilization in China through empirical and comparative analyses, and expounds on that although China has formulated departmental rules, administrative regulatory documents and a series of supporting systems for power battery recycling and utilization to regulate such practices, which has basically ensured the orderly operation of power battery recycling and utilization in the country.However, China's power battery recycling and utilization system still faces problems such as low legal hierarchy and weak authority of current legislation, overly sketchy legal provisions with poor operability, imperfect incentive and restraint mechanisms, as well as fragmented governance and inadequate inter-departmental coordination, all of which have undermined the effectiveness of power battery recycling and utilization in China. To improve the legal system for waste battery recycling and comprehensive utilization in China, countermeasures are proposed, including introducing the extended producer responsibility system, enacting a law or administrative regulation on waste battery recycling and comprehensive utilization, formulating clear and specific legal provisions to enhance operability, establishing a scientific incentive and restraint mechanism, and strengthening inter-departmental coordination and supervision.关键词：waste power batteries;recycling and utilization;legal system;improvement countermeasures39|56|0更新时间：2026-07-01
Technical Economic Analysis of Energy Storage
- 摘要：This study proposes a Li2S doping strategy to fabricate 10 μm ultrathin Li@Li2S composite Li foils via molten casting, enabling the efficient construction of high-energy-density and long-cycle lithium metal batteries (LMBs). The low interfacial formation energy between Li2S and the Cu substrate improves the wettability of molten Li on Cu, allowing large-area, continuous preparation of ultrathin Li foils. Meanwhile, Li2S doping enhances the adsorption of Li ions and electrolyte anions on the Li anode, suppressing dendrite growth, improving Li deposition uniformity, and synergistically promoting the preferential formation of an inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphase. The composite Li foil exhibits excellent cycling stability with high-loading cathodes in Li-limited LMBs with a negative/positive (N/P) areal capacity ratio < 1. Notably, the Li@Li2S||Ni92 pouch full cell (cathode loading = 22.9 mg/cm2, areal capacity = 4.6 mAh/cm2) achieves ultrahigh energy density (520 Wh/kg, 1350 Wh/L) and long-cycle performance (99.8% capacity retention after 50 cycles at 0.2 C). This "interfacial energy-adsorption energy" dual-regulation strategy resolves poor wettability and uneven thickness in pure Li molten casting while favorably modulating Li deposition and surface film composition in subsequent electrochemical cycles, offering a low-cost, scalable pathway for practical high-energy-density, long-cycle LMBs.关键词：anode material;lithium metal battery;energy density;solid-electrolyte interphase film66|57|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Although lithium metal anodes possess exceptionally high specific capacity and are ideal for high-energy-density rechargeable lithium batteries, safety concerns have hindered their practical application. Because their heat release significantly surpasses that of other battery components, improving the thermal safety of lithium metal anodes is crucial to overall safety of lithium-metal batteries. This study develops an ultrathin (20 μm) Li-Zn (Li0.7Zn0.3) alloy anode suitable for large-scale production. The as-prepared Li0.7Zn0.3 exhibits exceptional stability and superior safety. It remains stable after 30 days in organic solvents and does not ignite upon water contact, eliminating the fire risk of pure lithium (Li). After storage at 60℃ for 30 days, the Li0.7Zn0.3||Cu half-cell retains 98.5% of the initial delithiation capacity, indicating suppressed interfacial side reactions. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests demonstrates superior thermal stability of this alloy anode relative to pure Li after 30 cycles at 100% SOC, significantly enhancing battery safety. Adiabatic rate calorimetry (ARC) tests on pouch cells show that replacing pure Li with the alloy raises the thermal runaway trigger temperature (T2) from 177.8℃ to 216.5℃ while reducing the maximum temperatures (T3) during thermal runaway from 1940.0℃ to 1191.5℃. A high-capacity (53.60 Ah) pouch cell using this alloy anode delivers a high energy density of 509.25 Wh/kg and maintains stable cycling over 120 cycles. Collectively, this low-cost, easily prepared Li0.7Zn0.3 alloy with inherently high safety markedly elevates lithium metal battery safety and furnishes critical technical groundwork for their industrial deployment.关键词：lithium metal battery;500 Wh/kg;lithium alloy;high safety;thermal runaway65|41|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Graphite-based lithium-ion batteries have nearly reached their theoretical energy density limit. By contrast, lithium-metal batteries (LMBs), as core technology for next-generation energy storage and electric vehicles, are expected to surpass this limit, achieve energy densities over 500 Wh/kg, and broaden applications. However, the development of ultrahigh-specific-energy LMBs faces three core challenges: first, lithium dendrite growth—during charging, dendrites form on the lithium surface, potentially piercing the separator and causing short circuits or even fires; second, interfacial instability—the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed between lithium metal and electrolyte is unstable, accelerating active lithium loss and shortening battery cycle life; third, safety risks—the flammable electrolyte can trigger rapid thermal runaway after short circuits. To address these issues, this review focuses on liquid electrolytes and systematically discusses advanced liquid electrolyte design strategies from a molecular perspective. By analyzing core approaches such as solvation structure regulation and solvent interaction optimization, it clarifies how different electrolyte designs (e.g., weakly solvating electrolytes, competitive coordination electrolytes, and flame-retardant solvent systems) inhibit lithium dendrites, stabilize interfaces, and improve safety. Finally, future research directions for liquid electrolytes are proposed to accelerate the commercialization of ultrahigh-specific-energy LMBs.关键词：lithium-metal batteries;electrolytes;solvation structure;solid electrolyte interface63|230|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Ultrahigh-energy density (>500 Wh/kg) lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) represent a critical technology for applications, including long-range electric vehicles and low-altitude economy. However, their practical viability is fundamentally hindered by lithium-dendrite growth and parasitic decomposition at the high-voltage cathode interface, etc. Conventional commercial electrolytes struggle to satisfy the stringent demands of ultrahigh-energy-density LMB architectures, necessitating the development of electrolytes exhibiting high interface stability, uniform lithium plating/stripping-regulation capability, and accelerated ion transport. This review first outlines the fundamental design principles for LMBs exhibiting an energy density of >500 Wh/kg. Building upon this foundation, contemporary electrolyte-design concepts tailored for novel electrolytes in ultrahigh-energy-density LMBs are systematically summarized; these concepts include engineering lithium salts, solvents, and functional additives for conventional-concentration electrolytes and the engineering of lithium salts, main solvents, and diluents for localized high-concentration electrolytes, weakly solvating electrolytes, and quasi-solid electrolytes. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the critical requirement for maintaining interfacial stability at extremely low electrolyte volume in ultrahigh-energy-density LMBs, providing theoretical guidance for future electrolyte designs. Finally, this review highlights the advantages and disadvantages of previous electrolyte design strategies and outlines future research directions, including molecular-scale electrolyte-component design, cathode/electrolyte matching, high-rate charging/discharging capability, advanced characterization techniques, and battery-safety concerns.关键词：electrolyte;lithium metal batteries;high energy density;electrode/electrolyte interface145|264|0更新时间：2026-07-01
- 摘要：Following the invention of the voltaic pile, primary battery systems have evolved steadily, offering high energy density, long shelf life, and minimal self-discharge rates. These robust features support their applications in military equipment, implantable medical devices, emergency power supply systems, and exploration in extreme environments. Despite their advantages, conventional primary batteries still suffer from limited power capability, poor electrochemical reversibility, high recycling costs, and underdeveloped pathways for rechargeability. This study examines the operating principles and diverse application landscapes of lithium and zinc primary battery systems, highlighting and proposing performance enhancement strategies. Cathode engineering via bulk doping, surface coating, and nanostructural morphology control bolsters electronic conductivity and structural stability. Concurrently, an advanced electrolyte design incorporating functional additives and optimized solvation structures promotes efficient ion transport and the formation of stable electrode-electrolyte interfaces. Another critical research direction involves transitioning these primary battery systems toward secondary (rechargeable) functionality. The fundamental obstacles to achieving reversibility include sluggish solid-solid two-phase reaction kinetics, significant cathode-volume expansion, and the high decomposition barriers of discharge products, including lithium fluoride and lithium chloride. The introduction of catalysts into the cathode architecture accelerates bond cleavage and reformation by lowering the decomposition barriers of inert discharge products. Further, tuning the electrolyte composition effectively enhances interfacial reaction kinetics by optimizing ion-solvation structures. Furthermore, constructing a stable electrode-electrolyte interface buffers volume changes and suppresses parasitic reactions, thereby enabling stable cycling. Looking ahead, the trajectory of primary battery development is expected to shift toward higher power and energy densities, reliable operations across extreme temperature gradients, greener recycling protocols, and practical rechargeability.关键词：Lithium primary battery;Zinc primary battery;high energy density;Rechargeable battery;lithium metal battery60|101|0更新时间：2026-07-01
Special Column of Beyond 500Wh/kg Battery
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