最新刊期
卷 15 ， 期 6 ， 2026
- 摘要：This paper presents a comprehensive review of the research progress in China's energy storage technology in 2025. Through the review and analysis of fundamental research, key technologies, and integration demonstrations, the major technological advances in China's energy storage in 2025 are summarized, including pumped hydro storage, compressed air energy storage, flywheel energy storage, lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries, flow batteries, sodium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, novel energy storage technologies, integration technologies, and fire safety technologies. The results indicate that China's energy storage sector has undergone a year of rapid development, characterized by the diversified advancement of storage technologies, record-high newly installed capacity, breakthroughs in market-oriented policy mechanisms, and an accelerating evolution of the industrial landscape. China continues to maintain its position as the most active country in the world in terms of fundamental research, technology R&D, and integration demonstration. Chinese institutions and scholars rank the first in the world in the number of SCI papers, WIPO international invention patent applications, and total installed capacity of energy storage systems, all of which continue to grow. Compared with other leading energy storage nations, China's leading advantages show a trend of further expansion. Overall, China's energy storage has achieved large-scale development and is transitioning toward full commercialization.关键词：energy storage;technology;progress295|320|0更新时间：2026-07-13
Special Review
- 摘要：Currently available commercial graphite-anode materials have low cost, low volume-expansion rate, and good structural stability. However, their theoretical specific capacity (372 mAh/g) is relatively low, which limits the further improvement of their energy density and fails to meet the growing market demand for high-energy-density batteries. Therefore, lithium-alloy anode materials with ultra-high theoretical capacity—such as those using silicon (Si, 4200 mAh/g) and tin (Sn, 990 mAh/g) as alloy materials—are considered to be highly promising next-generation anode materials. However, the volume expansion of silicon and tin during lithium intercalation and deintercalation leads to electrode pulverization and continuous growth of the solid electrolyte interface film, which seriously affect the battery's cycle life and safety performance. A structural design consisting of silicon nanosheets with tin nanowires grown on their surfaces enables the tin nanowires to form an efficient conducting network within the electrode, which enhances the migration speed of both ions and electrons. Moreover, the highly ductile tin nanowires effectively buffer the volume changes of the silicon nanoparticles during repeated lithium intercalation and deintercalation, thereby effectively suppressing volume expansion. Combining the high capacity of silicon and the high conductivity of tin significantly improves the electrochemical performance of high-capacity alloy anodes. We assembled the silicon-tin composite-anode material (SSA) into a button cell with a high-nickel ternary cathode (LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2, NCM90), and the capacity-retention rate still reached 89% after 800 cycles. A 3.5 Ah pouch battery based on this anode technology had an energy density per unit mass of 320 Wh/kg and a volume energy density of 923 Wh/L, with a capacity-retention rate of 91% after 300 cycles. At the same time, the volume expansion of the battery in both the charged and discharged states was controlled effectively, being only 8.13% (charged state) and 3.14% (discharged state) after 200 cycles. This silicon-tin composite-anode technology thus achieves a good balance between high energy density and long cycle life, with excellent volume-change suppression and cycle performance, and it has shown significant potential for practical applications.关键词：lithium-ion battery;composite anode;swelling ratio;silicon;tin58|23|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：Mass transfer limitations constitute a critical bottleneck affecting performance in calcium-based thermochemical energy storage systems. In this study, we propose a composite-structured reaction bed integrating gradient pore distribution with multilevel pore channels to synergistically optimise heat and mass transfer pathways within the bed. By establishing a three-dimensional numerical model, the heat storage reaction during Ca(OH)2 dehydration was simulated to systematically investigate the coupled enhancement mechanisms of heat transfer, mass transfer, and reaction kinetics driven by gradient porosity and multilevel pore channels. Further, we elucidate the influence patterns of pore volume fraction and inlet temperature on energy storage performance. Results indicate that within the studied 1-4-level pore channel range, heat/mass transfer performance and reaction rate exhibit a sustained upward trend with increasing level number. Compared with conventional uniform pore structures, the four-level gradient pore channel model with an 8% pore channel volume fraction achieved an approximately 16.6% increase in bed average temperature and a 27.98% reduction in the time required for complete conversion. This study elucidates the synergistic mechanism by which gradient porosity optimizes heat transfer pathways while multilevel channels enhance water vapor transport. It provides theoretical foundations and engineering guidance for the structural design and parameter optimization of high-performance calcium-based thermochemical energy storage reactors.关键词：Thermochemical energy storage;CaO/Ca(OH)2;heat and mass transfer;gradient porosity;hierarchically porous33|31|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：Specific heat capacity plays a crucial role in the heat transfer efficiency of materials. This study focuses on exploring the effects of second-phase nano samarium oxide, nano tungsten carbide, and nano nickel particles with densities similar to that of the alloy matrix on the microstructure and thermophysical properties of the alloy matrix. The phase composition and microstructure of the alloy were characterized using methods such as X-ray diffraction phase analysis, electron probe microanalysis, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The thermal and physical properties of the alloy were comprehensively analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry and laser flash analysis. The results indicate that the addition of second-phase nanoparticles changes the morphology of the eutectic phase and induces the formation of ultrafine grains in the composite alloy, altering the contribution ratio of electron and phonon heat transfer in the alloy. In the liquid state, an ordered structure is formed between the second-phase solid nanoparticles and the molten metal. As the temperature increases, breaking these ordered structures requires additional heat absorption, which increases the specific heat capacity.关键词：nanoparticles;Sn-Bi-Zn thermal storage alloy;Enhanced specific heat capacity;Thermal storage system30|6|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：Pore structure of porous matrices is a key factor determining the performance of thermochemical energy storage materials containing hydrated salts. In this study, natural diatomite was used as the matrix, and the effects of acid and alkali washing on its pore structure and the heat storage performance of diatomite/CaCl2 composite materials were systematically investigated. Acid washing significantly increased the number of micropores and mesopores by dissolving impurities such as Al2O3, with the total pore volume and specific surface area improved by up to 28.4% and 215.9%, respectively. In contrast, alkali washing led to the disappearance of micropores and a reduction in mesopores due to the formation of insoluble sodium silicate salts that blocked the micropores, resulting in a maximum decrease of 37.2% in the total pore volume and 54.7% in the specific surface area. Correlation analysis indicated that the pore structure of diatomite exerted a crucial influence on the salt loading capacity in diatomite and the adsorption and desorption properties of the composite materials. The salt loading capacity was correlated with the specific surface area and total pore volume of the pore structure, with the strongest correlation occurring at high impregnation solution concentrations. In addition to the salt loading capacity, the adsorption and desorption of the composite materials were related to the pore structure of diatomite. Compared with pristine diatomite, the acid-washed diatomite provided more channels for water vapor because of the increased number of micropores and mesopores, and the adsorption capacity of its CaCl2 composite material was improved by up to 14.7%, which was higher than the increase in the salt loading capacity. In contrast, the adsorption capacity of the alkali-washed diatomite/CaCl2 composite materials decreased by up to 4.7% due to the reduced number of micropores and mesopores, which was greater than the decrease in the salt loading capacity. The acid-washed diatomite composite materials outperformed both the pristine diatomite and alkali-washed diatomite/CaCl2 composite materials in terms of heat storage density and cycling stability.关键词：diatomite;pore structure;calcium chloride;adsorption;desorption;heat storage30|11|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：A precise monitoring of individual cells in a multibattery system is essential for stable performance and operational safety. In this study, we develop a low-cost, high-sensitivity, ultrathin flexible temperature-sensing film to address local heating, safety risks, and performance degradation in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The sensor uses a silver-based conductive ink as the temperature-sensitive material. Electrodes are printed on a polyimide substrate via screen printing, followed by low-temperature sintering and polydimethylsiloxane encapsulation, producing a flexible structure with a 41-μm thickness. Calibration tests in a temperature-humidity chamber with a precision source meter demonstrate a sensitivity of 0.035 Ω/℃ over -20℃ to 80℃. The linear fitting at room temperature gives an R² of 0.998. The sensor also exhibits stable temperature-resistance characteristics and good fabrication repeatability. A coupled electrochemical-thermal model of a 3 × 3 battery module reveals the internal temperature gradient distribution. The central cells show a higher temperature increase than the peripheral cells, and the increase accelerates with discharge rate. Based on these results, the sensing film is applied to a prismatic cell and a cylindrical module for real-time temperature monitoring. The measured temperature follows the battery voltage curve with high consistency. The sensor captures the heat-generation behavior during charging and discharging, changes in current rate, and transitions between operating stages. Compared with traditional thermocouples, the sensing film has considerable advantages in terms of flexible adaptation, monitoring accuracy, cost control, and array deployment. These results confirm its feasibility and reliability for in situ temperature monitoring in various battery configurations. This study provides a new approach for refined thermal management and safety warning in LIB systems.关键词：Smart Battery;Flexible sensing;temperature monitoring;battery safety;battery management49|7|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：The stability of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), particularly its solubility in electrolytes, is a critical determinant of the cycle and calendar life of sodium-ion batteries. Numerous studies have reported that the SEI in sodium-ion batteries (Na-SEI) is more prone to dissolution than its counterpart in lithium-ion batteries (Li-SEI). This study systematically summarizes the key factors governing the solubility of Na-SEI, provides a critical analysis of differences in physicochemical properties between Na-SEI and Li-SEI, and reviews the analytical techniques and characterization methods for evaluating SEI solubility. Crucially, we comprehensively consolidate state-of-the-art strategies for modulating SEI solubility through rational electrolyte design, including molecular engineering of electrolyte solvents, optimization of salt concentration, incorporation of novel or highly concentrated salts, and multicomponent synergistic approaches. Finally, based on the current state of research, we outline prospective research directions aimed at providing theoretical insights and practical pathways for achieving highly stable electrode-electrolyte interfaces in sodium-ion batteries.关键词：sodium-ion batteries;solid electrolyte interphase;SEI film;solubility;Electrolyte design;Interface stability38|31|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：Anthracite is considered to be a promising precursor for hard carbon anodes in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), primarily due to its naturally high fixed-carbon content, structural stability, and low cost. However, the direct carbonization of anthracite tends to induce excessive graphitization, which results in insufficient interlayer spacing (d002) and consequently leads to limited sodium-storage capacity. In particular, it diminishes the plateau capacity in the low-potential region that is critical for achieving high energy density in SIBs. To overcome these structural limitations, in this work we systematically investigated and compared multiple pre-oxidation strategies—including air oxidation, single-acid treatments, and mixed-acid oxidation—aimed at modifying the microstructure of anthracite before carbonization. We identified a mixed-acid oxidation method using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3) as the most effective one. Under optimized conditions of 70℃ for 9 hours, this method successfully modulates the graphite-like microdomains in the carbon precursor. In this process, sulfuric acid acts as a sulfonating and intercalating agent, introducing sulfonic groups (—SO3H) that help break the dense aromatic structure of anthracite and expand the interlayer spacing. Nitric acid serves as a strong oxidant, incorporating nitrogen- and oxygen-containing functional groups that promote cross-linking between aromatic layers, thereby suppressing graphitization during high-temperature treatment. The synergistic effect of both acids also facilitates the formation of abundant ultramicropores and closed pores. The optimized hard carbon material exhibits significantly improved electrochemical performance. It delivers a reversible capacity of 321.15 mAh/g at 0.02 A/g, with a plateau capacity of 210.7 mAh/g. Even at the high current density of 2.0 A/g, it maintains a capacity of 207.3 mAh/g, demonstrating excellent rate capability. To investigate the sodium-storage mechanism of the best-performing sample, we employed cyclic voltammetry and a galvanostatic intermittent-titration technique. The results suggest that the capacity in the low-potential region (0.01-0.1 V) arises mainly from sodium-ion insertion into the expanded interlayers and filling into closed pores, supporting a combined "adsorption-intercalation/filling" mechanism. In summary, this study demonstrates a rational and effective pre-oxidation strategy for achieving molecular-level structural tailoring of anthracite-derived hard carbon. The proposed mixed-acid treatment not only enhances the interlayer spacing and introduces beneficial functional groups but also creates a favorable pore structure for sodium storage. These findings offer valuable new insights into the design of low-cost, high-performance carbon anodes for SIBs and underscore the importance of precursor engineering in regulating sodium-storage behavior for next-generation energy-storage systems.关键词：sodium-ion batteries;Anthracite-derived hard carbon;Pre-oxidation;Sodium storage performance23|8|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：This study addresses the issues of poor mass transfer and liquid water accumulation under the ribs in conventional flow fields of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). A structural optimization method is proposed by embedding porous materials into the rib regions. The impact of this design on cell output performance was investigated. Single cells with serpentine flow field (SFF) and parallel flow field (PFF) were tested using nickel foam-based carbon porous materials (0.9 porosity, 110 ppi pore density) embedded in the cathode rib regions. The current density, power density, and flow field pressure drop were measured under constant voltage mode. The influence mechanisms of air inlet humidity (0%—100% RH) and back pressure (100—200 kPa) on cell performance were analyzed. The findings indicate that the incorporation of porous materials within the ribs significantly enhances under-rib mass transfer and augments water drainage capacity. This is particularly evident under low-voltage conditions. A comparison of baseline flow fields with the current density and power density of rib-embedded PFF (RPPFF) reveals an increase of 22.1% and 24.1%, respectively. Similarly, the current density and power density of rib-embedded SFF (RPSFF) increased by 13.8% and 15.8%, respectively. As the relative humidity increased from 0% to 70%, power densities of RPPFF and RPSFF exhibited enhancements of 9.8% and 7.8%, respectively, with minimal alterations observed at 100% RH. An increase in back pressure from 100 to 150 kPa resulted in enhancements of 7.1% and 5.8% in the power densities of RPPFF and RPSFF, respectively. However, at back pressures exceeding 200 kPa, the suppression of liquid water removal at high current densities led to a reduction in output power. Furthermore, the incorporation of rib-embedded porous materials led to a substantial reduction in flow field pressure drop, resulting in a notable enhancement in power conversion efficiency by 42% for RPPFF and 74.4% for RPSFF. This study offers compelling experimental evidence and technical references for flow field structural optimization in PEMFCs.关键词：hydrogen fuel cell;porous material;flow field optimization;enhanced mass transfer;power consumption ratio14|3|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：In this study, we fabricated electrolyte tubes of 3% yttria-stabilized zirconia (3YSZ) with a precisely controlled thickness of 88 μm through a synergistic fabrication approach that combines cold isostatic pressing (CIP) with centerless grinding. The resulting electrolyte tubes exhibited high mechanical strength, achieving a fracture load of 56.64 MPa, significantly surpassing the 20 MPa threshold required for stack assembly, thereby demonstrating exceptional structural integrity. The thickness of the electrolyte layer is approximately (88.0 ± 3.5) μm, representing a reduction of about 40% compare to the 20 μm typically used in conventional electrolyte-supported solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs); we expect this to lower the ohmic resistance and improve the overall performance of the cell. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses reveal the uniform distribution of zirconium (Zr) and yttrium (Y) in the YSZ electrolyte layer and at the interface. Optimized CIP and gradient-sintering processes increased the length of the triple-phase boundary, suppressed side reactions and crack formation, and significantly enhanced ionic transport kinetics and structural stability. Building on this mechanical reliability, we precision machined cross-shaped grooves at both ends of the electrolyte tubes, and we employed silver paste combined with silver wires as the interconnect to construct a twin-tube series SOFC unit. This design not only ensures robust mechanical anchoring but also facilitates efficient current conduction through a ring-shaped silver-wire current collector, thereby enhancing overall electrical continuity. The experimental characterizations revealed that when operated at 900°C under a hydrogen (H2) atmosphere, the series-connected unit achieved an open-circuit voltage of 2.01 V and attained a peak power output of 1.92 W, with performance metrics nearly doubling those of a single-cell counterpart. Furthermore, under a sustained constant voltage of 1.3 V, the series-connected twin-tube assembly underwent a rigorous 60-hour discharge test, during which the current density remained remarkably stable at approximately 120 mA/cm2 without discernible performance degradation. This shows that the series structure has excellent electrochemical-process stability during long-period discharges. By integrating experimental measurements with three-dimensional multiphysics numerical simulations, we achieved visualization of the internal current density, gas distributions, and diffusion streamlines. These analyses clearly revealed the complete current-conduction pathway through the cross-groove and annular structures and confirmed the uniformity of the reaction zones and mass-transport characteristics. The close agreement between the simulation results and the experimental results validates the effectiveness of the proposed series-connection design. In this work, we not only have proposed a novel tubular SOFC series configuration but also have provided mechanistic insights through multiphysics modeling, offering a critical foundation for the optimization of high-performance solid-oxide fuel-cell systems.关键词：Tubular SOFC;Electrolyte-support;Series-connection;Numerical analysis23|4|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：Iron-chromium flow batteries, as a low-cost, long-duration, large-scale energy storage technology, suffer from capacity decay primarily owing to the poor reversibility of the chromium electrode in the electrolyte. This study proposes the introduction of threonine (Thr) into the electrolyte to regulate the solvation structure of chromium species through its chelating interaction with chromium ions, thereby enhancing the overall electrochemical performance of the battery. Density functional theory calculations reveal that Thr preferentially coordinates with chromium ions, altering its native solvation shell and leading to the formation of a stable chromium-Thr complex. This structural modification is crucial for enhancing the kinetics and reversibility of the chromium redox reaction. Concurrently, Thr molecules exhibit a competitive adsorption effect toward hydrogen ions on the electrode surface. This behavior effectively suppresses the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), a predominant side reaction at the negative electrode during charging and a major contributor to Coulombic efficiency loss and capacity fade. The suppression of the HER directly contributes to improved capacity retention over extended cycling. The formation and stability of the chromium-Thr complex were further validated experimentally. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and long-term cycling tests further confirm that the generated complex maintains structural stability during cycling, playing a crucial role in sustaining electrochemical stability. Under identical conditions, the battery employing the pristine electrolyte (without the Thr additive) suffered rapid performance degradation. Its discharge capacity dropped to merely 39% of its initial value after only 100 cycles, and its average capacity decreased to 6.4 mAh per cycle. By contrast, the battery with an electrolyte containing 0.03 mol/L Thr demonstrated remarkably enhanced cycling stability. It sustained stable operation for 200 cycles, with a discharge capacity retention of 43.7% at the end of this period, and its average capacity decreased to 2.9 mAh per cycle. This performance is notably superior to that of the pristine electrolyte, not only in terms of absolute capacity retention but also in terms of doubled cycle life under identical testing conditions. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the introduction of Thr as a complexing and surface-modifying additive is an effective and promising strategy to enhance the reversibility of the chromium electrode and suppress detrimental side reactions in iron-chromium flow batteries. The resulting reaction system exhibits excellent cycling stability and improved capacity retention. The insights gained from combined theoretical calculations and experimental characterizations provide a solid theoretical foundation and a novel design for developing high-stability, high-performance electrolyte systems for iron-chromium and potentially other chromium-based redox flow batteries. This study provides a reference approach for designing electrolyte systems with high stability and low capacity decay in iron-chromium flow batteries.关键词：iron-chromium flow batteries;hydrogen evolution;capacity retention rate;threonine;cycling stability24|9|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：Aqueous multivalent metal-ion batteries (AMMBs) represent a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries for large-scale energy storage owing to their low cost, high natural abundance, environmental friendliness, and intrinsic safety. Cathode materials with stable structures and rapid ion-diffusion channels are crucial for the development of high-performance AMMBs. Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) are considered highly promising cathode materials for AMMBs because of their open three-dimensional framework, abundant redox-active sites, and tunable elemental composition. Despite these advantages, PBAs still face several challenges in practical applications. To address the inherent limitations of PBAs, such as poor crystallographic water/vacancy stability and low intrinsic electronic conductivity, as well as volume changes and structural phase transitions induced by the insertion/deinsertion of multivalent ions during the process, this review systematically summarizes four categories of modification strategies: element doping and stoichiometric tuning, morphology and structure optimization, composite material strategies, and crystallographic water/vacancy engineering. Based on these strategies, this study further classifies the applications of PBAs in aqueous batteries according to the valence states of metal ions, dividing them into divalent-ion systems (Zn2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, and Fe2+) and trivalent-ion systems (Al3+), and summarizes their electrochemical performance in different systems. It provides theoretical and experimental guidance for future research on PBAs as cathode materials in AMMBs.关键词：aqueous batteries;multivalent metal ion batteries;cathode materials;prussian blue analogues32|156|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：Iron-chromium flow batteries (ICRFBs) are regarded as a highly promising electrochemical energy storage technology owing to the abundant reserves of iron and chromium in the Earth's crust, low cost, and suitability for large-scale long-duration energy storage. As the core component determining the energy efficiency, cycle life, and cost of the battery, optimization of electrolyte performance is key to promoting the practical application of ICRFBs. However, current iron-chromium battery electrolytes still face several major challenges. First, under acidic conditions, the Cr3+/Cr2+ redox couple tends to trigger the hydrogen evolution side reaction during charging, reducing Coulombic efficiency. Second, Fe2+/Fe3+ and Cr3+/Cr2+ have small ionic radii, making them prone to crossover through the membrane, leading to cross-contamination between the positive and negative active materials and continuous capacity decay. Third, during charging, Cr2+ can catalyze the transformation of the active complex [Cr(H2O)5Cl]2+ into the thermodynamically more stable, inert form [Cr(H2O)6]3+, resulting in reduced electrolyte activity. This study begins with the mechanisms of electrolyte capacity decay and systematically reviews recent research progress in electrolyte performance optimization, primarily including strategies such as electrolyte composition adjustment and pH regulation, the development and application of functional additives, and ligand molecular design coupled with complexation stabilization, to enhance electrolyte stability and overall battery performance. Finally, future research directions are outlined, emphasizing that the development of highly efficient and stable ligand systems and the construction of novel electrolyte systems are crucial pathways for further improving the performance of ICRBs.关键词：iron-chromium flow battery;electrolyte;complex;capacity decay;hydrogen evolution reaction46|9|0更新时间：2026-07-13
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Research on the application of porous media energy storage materials in building ventilation systems
摘要：Porous energy storage materials were fabricated from sintered ceramsite and paraffin to reduce high energy consumption in cold/heat pre-treatment for fresh air systems. The samples were processed via vacuum impregnation and subjected to physical property testing. Based on measured parameters, a modular duct installation scheme was designed; filling standards for the packing material were determined using resistance formulas; and seasonal operation control strategies were established. A scaled-down test platform was employed for comparative performance evaluations under various operating conditions. Results demonstrate that the material's phase-change range aligns well with indoor temperature ranges, achieving an annual comprehensive energy savings rate of 22.5%. Energy conservation performance is particularly notable under extreme winter and summer conditions, while bypass mechanisms effectively mitigate unnecessary material consumption during spring and autumn periods. This study provides practical guidance for low-carbon retrofitting of existing fresh air systems.关键词：porous media;energy storage materials;application schemes;thermal storage and release performance14|10|0更新时间：2026-07-13
Energy Storage Materials and Devices
- 摘要：Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is a key technology for large-scale power storage. As a core component for energy conversion, a high-power axial flow turbine significantly influences the overall efficiency of an energy storage station. During actual operation, changes in turbine blade surface roughness, which are caused by processing techniques and long-term wear, significantly affect the turbine performance and internal flow. However, the mechanism of the roughness influence for large-power multistage multilevel axial flow turbines with air as the working medium remains unclear. This study investigates the influence of surface roughness on the aerodynamic performance and internal flow characteristics of a high-power, three-stage multilevel axial flow turbine within a 350-MW compressed air energy storage system using high-precision numerical simulation methods. The results indicate that increased surface roughness significantly reduces the mass flow rate and isentropic efficiency of all turbine stages, with the first stage exhibiting the most significant efficiency reduction. Surface roughness intensifies flow losses by thickening the suction-side boundary layer, expanding the chordwise low-speed zone on the blade, and diminishing the kinetic energy within the high-speed core region of the flow field. The performance of the first-stage turbine was more significantly affected by roughness than that of the second and third stages. As the roughness increased, the intensity of the blade surface vorticity weakened, and the separation point moved upstream. This study reveals the influence law of wall roughness on the performance of multistage turbines, providing a theoretical basis for high-precision aerodynamic design, surface process control, and operation and maintenance strategies for high-power axial-flow turbines in CAES power stations.关键词：compressed air energy storage;Axial flow turbine;Wall roughness;Isentropic efficiency26|4|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：Flexible renewable energy utilization via high-temperature solid thermal energy storage is a key approach for addressing the volatility and intermittency of wind and photovoltaic power generation. A modular modeling approach was adopted to develop a dynamic simulation model for a wind-solar-driven solid thermal energy storage-coupled heating system that integrates wind turbines, photovoltaic modules, solid thermal energy storage bricks, and a nitrogen-water heat exchanger using the MATLAB/Simulink platform. Based on the climatic characteristics of Northwest China, typical days across four seasons were selected to perform all-day dynamic characteristic analysis, investigating the system response laws under charge/discharge mode switching and hot/cold nitrogen mixing control. The results demonstrate that under rated conditions, the developed system stores heat with an electric power of 12 MW for 6 h; the hot/cold nitrogen mixing strategy ensures a stable hot water supply for 24 consecutive hours without external power input. Under the boundary conditions of typical seasonal days, the average hot nitrogen ratio increases from 0.196 in spring to 0.428 in winter, which strongly aligns with the decreasing trend of average renewable power generation. The temperature of the solid thermal energy storage bricks decreases stepwise with seasons, whereas the outlet hot water parameters remain stable. In other words, the developed system exhibits the strongest heat storage capacity in spring and relies on a high hot nitrogen ratio to maintain heating in winter. This study clarifies the dynamic coupling laws and seasonal optimization strategies of the wind-solar-thermal energy storage/heating system in Northwest China, providing a referable simulation method and design basis for the engineering application and control optimization of high-temperature solid thermal energy storage technology in new energy systems.关键词：solid thermal storage;electric heating;renewable energy consumption;dynamic simulation;heating systems30|4|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：To address the thermal saturation caused by the low thermal conductivity of phase-change materials (PCMs) in lithium-ion-battery thermal-management systems (BTMSs), in this study, we have designed an innovative composite thermal-management system that features a triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) exoskeleton arranged around the battery and integrated with the PCM. First, we verified the reliability of the coupled heat-transfer model for the battery-PCM through experimental tests of the internal resistance of the battery under different states of charge. Subsequently, using the maximum battery temperature (Tmax) and maximum temperature difference (∆Tmax) as key evaluation metrics, we compared the thermal-management performance of a pure PCM, a conventional fin-PCM, and a TPMS-PCM configuration systematically at a 3C discharge rate. The results show that, for the same TPMS volume fraction, the Tmax of the battery with the TPMS-PCM configuration is only 33.81℃, which is 3.71℃ (2.17℃) lower than that of the pure PCM (fin-PCM) configuration, thus demonstrating its significant cooling advantage. Parametric analysis revealed that increasing the radial lattice density and volume fraction of the TPMS structure can enhance both cooling and temperature uniformity. Among the tested configurations, the P-30-60 structure (30% volume fraction, 60° circumferential distribution) exhibited the best overall performance, with Tmax=33.74℃ and ∆Tmax=3.02℃. To achieve a synergistic balance between thermal performance and structural lightweighting, in this study, we propose a radially graded-density TPMS design (P-VD). This design employs a higher volume fraction near the battery side to enhance heat absorption and a dense thin-walled structure on the outer side to expand the heat-dissipation interface. Compared to the P-30-60 structure, the optimized P-VD structure reduces the volume of the TPMS metal skeleton by 30.4%, while further lowering Tmax by 0.54℃ and ∆Tmax by 0.48℃, (∆Tmax decreased from 3.02℃ to 2.54C, a reduction of 15.4%). Additionally, the heat absorption (dissipation) area increased by 66.89% (35.78%). The proposed surrounding TPMS-PCM architecture and its graded-density design effectively overcome the trade-off between material use and performance in homogeneous structures. This provides an innovative and feasible design approach and a technical pathway for achieving the multi-objective collaborative optimization of "efficient heat dissipation, excellent temperature uniformity, and lightweight structure" in BTMSs.关键词：lithium-ion battery;Triply periodic minimal surface;battery thermal management system;phase change material25|8|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：During the operation of iron-chromium flow batteries, hydrogen evolution as a parasitic reaction, together with gas release caused by electrolyte depressurization or heating (i.e., oversaturation of dissolved gases), can lead to gas accumulation within porous electrodes. This, in turn, increases flow resistance, causes local reactant starvation, and induces electrolyte maldistribution. These effects not only reduce stack efficiency but may also pose safety risks. In large stacks employing parallel electrolyte supply, this risk is particularly pronounced owing to variations in stack spatial arrangement, uneven flow-channel resistance, and fluctuations in electrode material properties. To address this, a two-dimensional steady-state gas-liquid slip flow model is established to investigate gas distribution characteristics within porous electrodes across differently arranged stacks. This study specifically examines the effects of hydrogen evolution rate, inlet dissolved gas concentration, and supply pressure difference on gas accumulation and electrolyte flow rate. The results show that increasing the hydrogen evolution current density markedly raises gas saturation and decreases the relative permeability of the liquid phase, making the upper stacks more prone to severe gas blockage. Elevated inlet dissolved gas concentration triggers rapid gas precipitation at the electrode inlet, with accumulation progressing along the flow direction. This exacerbates uneven flow distribution among stacks, causing electrolyte flow rate reductions that exceed 18% in upper stacks. Furthermore, maintaining an adequate feeding pressure difference is essential for ensuring sufficient electrolyte supply and effective gas removal. To keep the average gas saturation below 1%, the required pressure difference for upper stacks (45 kPa) must be 15 kPa higher than for lower stacks (30 kPa). Therefore, reducing stack height differences and lowering inlet dissolved gas concentration are key measures for suppressing gas-phase precipitation and ensuring uniform electrolyte flow distribution.关键词：iron-chromium flow battery;stack spatial arrangement;gas accumulation;flow blockage;gas-liquid two-phase flow62|7|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：Hydrogen energy-storage technology based on high-temperature reversible solid-oxide cells (RSOCs) has broad application prospects for the utilization of renewable energy and for long-term energy storage. However, the current round-trip-efficiency (RTE) of hydrogen energy-storage systems based on RSOCs is still relatively low, and the system design is not yet mature. Therefore, optimizing the system design and operating parameters to improve the system RTE is important for promoting its commercial applications. In this paper, we establish a system model for a general RSOC hydrogen energy-storage system. By analyzing the relationship between the system RTE and key system parameters, we propose to use the unit-mole hydrogen power consumption to analyze the effect of the power consumption of each component on the system RTE. Using this system model, we analyze the effect of the voltages in the fuel-cell mode (FC) and in the electrolysis-cell (EC) mode, the fuel-utilization rate, steam-utilization rate, excess-air coefficient and pressure drop, and the heat-recovery method on key performance parameters such as the system RTE. Our research results show that the main reason for the low RTE of an RSOC system is the low power-generation efficiency in the FC mode. Increasing the FC-mode voltage, fuel-utilization rate, and steam-utilization rate effectively improves the system RTE, but changing the EC-mode voltage does not change the system RTE. Reducing the excess-air coefficient and pressure drop reduces the power consumption in the blower in the FC mode and thereby improves the system RTE, but reducing the excess-air coefficient also increases the temperature difference within the RSOC stack. Using heat recovery, where the heat generated in the FC mode is used for water evaporation and other heat-consuming modules in the EC mode improves the system RTE effectively. When the fuel-utilization rate is 100%, the system RTE can exceed 62.27%. The research we report in this paper provides a theoretical basis for the optimization design of RSOC hydrogen energy-storage systems.关键词：Reversible Solid Oxide Cells;Hydrogen energy storage;Round-Trip-Efficiency;Model22|6|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：To address the requirements for multiparameter dynamic control of temperature, pressure, and flow rate during the operation of magnesium-based solid-state hydrogen storage devices, traditional PID control suffers from issues such as slow response, substantial overshoot, and insufficient steady-state accuracy. These issues severely impact the operational stability of the devices and the controllability of the hydrogen storage process. To enhance the control system performance of magnesium-based solid-state hydrogen storage devices, we propose a control scheme based on a fuzzy PID algorithm. This scheme employs the S7-200 smart PLC as the control system core. Transfer functions are established according to the control requirements of each parameter. Using the MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform, a fuzzy controller and simulation models for each parameter control are constructed. The system conducts comparative simulation tests between traditional and fuzzy PIDs, focusing on analyzing performance differences in parameter adjustment accuracy, response speed, and stability. The results demonstrate that when using the fuzzy PID algorithm for control, the adjustment times for temperature, pressure, and flow control are reduced by 50%, 60%, and 33%, respectively. System response speed and adjustment rate are considerably enhanced, with core performance metrics such as stability and interference resistance markedly optimized. This study not only efficiently adapts to the multiparameter control requirements of magnesium-based solid hydrogen storage devices but also fully satisfies the precise control demands of routine operations. It effectively enhances the overall operational stability of the devices and the controllability of the hydrogen storage process, providing a practical control technology solution for the intelligent regulation of magnesium-based solid hydrogen storage systems.关键词：Magnesium-based hydrogen storage;Solid-state hydrogen storage device;Analog control;Fuzzy PID;Control performance comparison31|3|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：To enhance the operational resilience of distribution networks amid high penetration of renewable energy and extend the service life of energy storage systems (ESS), we propose an optimal ESS capacity configuration method based on battery aging assessment and operational risk delineation. First, we construct the operational architecture of the ESS incorporated into a distribution network. Drawing on the battery state of health and capacity degradation mechanism, we establish a multifactor dynamic evaluation model that delineates the lifespan boundaries of batteries across different operational phases. Second, we develop a multiscenario simulation system accounting for typical load variations, renewable energy fluctuations, and equipment failures. Through time-series power flow calculation and state assessment, we delineate the occurrence probability and spatial distribution characteristics of key operational risk factors, including node voltage deviations, feeder overloads, and ESS power inadequacy. Finally, considering battery aging, voltage deviation probability, and overcharging frequency, we formulate an ESS configuration model to optimize battery lifespan, system risk, and distribution network operational cost. Multiscenario simulations verify that the proposed ESS configuration method effectively enhances the scientific rigor of capacity configuration, extends ESS lifespan, and strengthens the operational reliability of distribution networks.关键词：Energy storage capacity allocation;battery aging;Risk simulation;Multi-scenario simulation30|4|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：To achieve the dual goals of improving the automatic generation control (AGC) performance of thermal power units and reducing the life-cycle cost of energy storage systems, this study proposes a bi-level optimal configuration and coordinated control method for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) to assist thermal power units with AGC frequency regulation. The HESS comprises energy-type lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and power-type lithium titanate (LTO) batteries. The upper-level model maximizes the life-cycle net profit to optimize the HESS capacity and provide constraint boundaries for the lower-level model. The lower-level model focuses on the coordinated frequency regulation response of the thermal-HESS, employing a refined three-stage control strategy based on AGC performance assessment and a state-of-charge-aware power allocation mechanism. The model is solved using the adaptive chaotic particle swarm optimization algorithm, realizing the dynamic coupling optimization of the capacity configuration and operational control. The simulation results yield the optimal HESS configuration scheme: 1.16 MW/1.75 MWh for LFP and 3.08 MW/1.72 MWh for LTO. The comparative results indicate that compared with the conventional differential power sharing strategy, the proposed strategy and capacity configuration increase the AGC comprehensive regulation performance index of the combined system by 0.9% and the daily average revenue by 1230.23%. The proposed method effectively prevents the energy storage system from frequently bearing power fluctuations with high volatility, significantly enhancing the technical performance and economic benefits of the thermal-HESS frequency regulation system. This study provides a valuable reference for optimizing HESS configurations to facilitate frequency regulation in conventional power plants.关键词：AGC;hybrid energy storage;Life Cycle Cost;Bi-level Optimal Configuration Model39|7|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：The global energy transition process is accelerating, and the problem of power system fluctuations caused by the high proportion of renewable energy connected to the grid is constantly intensifying. The source grid load storage system has become the key to ensuring the stable operation of the power system. Super capacitor energy storage technology plays an important role in power system control due to its advantages such as charging and discharging rate and cycle life, and is an important support for optimizing the control of source grid load storage systems. This study summarizes the optimization control strategies of supercapacitor energy storage technology and source grid load storage systems. Firstly, the research and development process of supercapacitor energy storage technology at home and abroad is summarized. Then, the structural division of source grid load storage systems is elaborated. Finally, the role of supercapacitor energy storage technology in power balance regulation, system frequency regulation, and source load collaborative optimization in the operation of source grid load storage systems is analyzed in depth, providing reference for the upgrade of supercapacitor energy storage technology in integrated control of source grid load storage.关键词：supercapacitor;energy storage;Power System;source network load storage;integrated26|18|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：The large-capacity single batteries that are widely used in the energy-storage industry are greatly affected by the operating temperature. The thermal performance of such batteries thus becomes a key factor in determining the battery applications, especially under the conditions of fast charging or discharging. In this study, we propose a dynamic-immersion liquid-cooling system that is specifically designed for large-capacity 280 Ah LiFePO4 energy-storage battery modules. We explored the effects of the coolant flow rate at the inlet, the inlet temperature, and the baffle configuration on the cooling performance, using maximum temperature (Tmax), maximum temperature difference (∆Tmax), and the ratio of heat dissipation to pump-power consumption (cost-to-performance ratio, CTP) as evaluation indicators. We found that the installation of baffles enhances the cooling of the battery. Compared with an arrangement of large, equidistant baffles, an arrangement of alternating-sized baffles reduces Tmax by 4.26% and ∆Tmax by 12.42%, while decreasing CTP by 10.98%. When the flow rate at the inlet is increased from 0.5 m/s to 1.7 m/s, Tmax and ∆Tmax are further reduced by 2.64% and 3.59%, respectively. When the inlet temperature is increased from 15℃ to 35℃, Tmax is increased by 77.23%, and ∆Tmax is decreased by 14.17%. The optimal combination for a liquid-cooling system is an arrangement of alternating-sized baffles, with the coolant flow rate at the inlet set to 1.5 m/s and the temperature to 20℃. Compared with the initial combination without baffles, this optimal scheme reduces Tmax by 29.75% and ∆Tmax by 6.33%. This research provides a useful reference for a liquid-cooling thermal-management system for a large-scale storage-battery module.关键词：battery pack;Immersion liquid cooling;Heat transfer analysis;Maximum temperature;Maximum temperature difference34|20|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：This paper undertakes a comprehensive investigation into the influence of different battery arrangement configurations on thermal runaway propagation characteristics, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for the design and optimization of battery packs in electric aircraft. Experiments and numerical simulations were integrated to systematically study the effects of single-cell spacing and cluster layouts (2 × 2, 3 × 3) on the initiation and propagation behavior of thermal runaway. The findings indicate that, at the single-cell level, while a 1 mm spacing does not entirely prevent propagation, it significantly delays the propagation rate by 227 s compared to direct contact. Conversely, 2 mm spacing effectively prevents thermal runaway transmission between adjacent cells. At the pack level, a 2 mm spacing effectively inhibits propagation within the 2 × 2 cluster structure. However, in the 3 × 3 cluster configuration, propagation did not occur even at 1 mm spacing due to the complex heat dissipation pathways, preventing adjacent clusters from reaching the critical temperature threshold. Furthermore, increasing the spacing within the module exhibits typical trends of delayed thermal runaway triggering, reduced propagation rates, and lower peak temperatures. The findings suggest that increasing cell spacing and optimizing the structural design of clusters are pivotal measures for suppressing thermal runaway propagation. This study elucidates the critical triggering conditions and propagation mechanisms under various configurations, thereby offering significant guidance for the thermal protection design of high-safety battery systems.关键词：lithium-ion battery;thermal runaway propagation;Cell alignment;Cell clustering33|7|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：With the transformation of China's energy structure and the advancement of its dual carbon goals, compressed air energy storage (CAES) technology has garnered increasing attention and recognition within the global energy storage sector. This study aims to address existing research gaps in the evaluation methodology for the construction suitability of CAES power plants. First, we systematically collated quantitative evaluation indicators and corresponding calculation methods across five core dimensions, namely, energy security, power grid support, energy transition, economic benefits, and regional policy. Based on publicly released electricity consumption data, prevailing standards and specifications, and operational data of completed CAES projects across various regions in China, we performed quantitative analysis and statistical processing for each indicator. Subsequently, based on expert surveys, we established a weighting system for the aforementioned indicators using an analytic hierarchy process, developed a comprehensive construction suitability evaluation methodology, and completed a zonal calculation of the construction suitability of CAES power plants for each province in China. The results demonstrate that high-suitability zones for large-scale CAES power plants in China are mainly distributed in the eastern region (including Shandong, Jiangsu, and Guangdong provinces), which are characterized by strong policy support, robust electricity demand, and favorable economic viability for project construction. Meanwhile, the northeastern region is classified as a low-suitability zone, attributable to limited policy support and relatively low electricity load. Comprehensive statistical results indicate that regions with relatively high-suitability account for approximately 35.5% of China's total territorial area, highlighting the broad development prospects of CAES technology in the country.关键词：compressed air energy storage;Construction Suitability;Evaluation method;evaluation index;Regional policy23|9|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：With the large-scale development of lithium-ion battery energy storage power station, its operation safety and condition evaluation accuracy are facing severe challenges. Traditional monitoring methods have some problems, such as single evaluation index, poor data coordination, delay of fault early warning and so on, which are difficult to meet the actual engineering needs. This paper systematically analyzes the key parameters of intelligent monitoring technology of lithium-ion battery energy storage power station, discusses various intelligent monitoring technologies such as electrochemical impedance method, equivalent circuit model and data-driven method, and puts forward the operation guarantee method of lithium-ion battery energy storage power station, which provides important theoretical basis and engineering practice scheme for optimal management of energy storage power station.关键词：lithium-ion battery;energy storage station;operational status monitoring22|10|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：Estimating the state of charge (SOC) for lithium-ion batteries is a critical challenge for enabling battery-management systems (BMSs) to achieve safe control and efficient scheduling. The strong inherent non-linearity and time-varying parameters within batteries, coupled with complex external operating conditions, impose inherent limitations on traditional approaches: model-driven methods experience a sharp decline in accuracy when parameters are mismatched, while purely data-driven methods are constrained by high data dependency and the risk of lacking physical consistency. Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) represent a novel paradigm for embedding physical mechanisms. This approach offers an innovative solution to the aforementioned challenges by embedding the governing equations of battery physics models, such as equivalent-circuit models or electrochemical models, as regularization constraints within the loss function. In this review, we introduce the theoretical framework and design methodology of the PINN-SOC estimator in detail. A systematic comparative analysis with physics-driven, data-driven, and data-physics hybrid approaches demonstrates that the PINN method consistently maintains the root mean square error of SOC estimation within a low range, while retaining high accuracy and the capability for generalization under unknown operating conditions. Despite these notable strengths, the engineering application of the PINN method still faces challenges, such as the issues of training stability, weight-loss balancing, and computational efficiency. We expect future research to overcome existing bottlenecks gradually by developing key technologies, like adaptive-training algorithms and lightweight network architectures, thus positioning PINNs as the optimal solution for next-generation intelligent BMS.关键词：Physical Information Neural Network;lithium-ion battery;state of charge estimation;Battery Modeling;Mechanism and Data Fusion43|10|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：Distributed hydropower generation has the advantages of high flexibility and low environmental pollution, but it also has problems such as being greatly affected by external factors, small single unit capacity, and difficult frequency regulation. As an efficient energy storage device, supercapacitors have fast charging and discharging speeds and high power, and can be operated in conjunction with distributed hydroelectric power generation systems to achieve frequency regulation control of the power grid. A research review on the combined frequency regulation control technology of distributed hydropower generation and supercapacitors was conducted. Firstly, the types of distributed hydropower generation technology were discussed, and then the application of supercapacitor technology in distributed hydropower generation frequency regulation control was analyzed, including the system integration mode and corresponding control path of the two, providing reference for the engineering application and technical optimization of the combined frequency regulation system of distributed hydropower generation and supercapacitors.关键词：hydroelectric power generation;supercapacitors;FM control;system integration11|15|0更新时间：2026-07-13
Energy Storage System and Engineering
- 摘要：The engineering advancement of vertical gravity energy storage systems (VGES) for long-duration energy storage makes system efficiency a key indicator of their technical feasibility and economic viability. However, extant studies predominantly depend on theoretical calculations or sub-ton laboratory prototypes, and experimental validation with ton-scale weights remains conspicuously absent. Furthermore, the horizontal transport of masses, a critical component in large-scale gravity energy storage systems, has not yet been integrated into prevailing efficiency evaluation frameworks. This limitation restricts the frameworks' practical application to engineering design. To address these issues, this paper proposes a comprehensive energy-efficiency evaluation method that covers the entire process of vertical lifting and horizontal transportation. A unified representation of mechanical losses in the vertical gravity energy storage system is established, and the impacts of different yard layout configurations on energy losses during horizontal payload transportation are investigated in depth.In accordance with the proposed model, a laboratory prototype was constructed and tested. The prototype had a weight of 2 tons and a drive system with a power output of 7.5 kW. The measured round-trip electrical-to-electrical efficiency reaches 68.22%, with a steady-state efficiency of 71.31%. Mechanical losses dominate across all operating speeds. Subsequent analysis indicates that optimizing the rope-to-sheave diameter ratio can enhance the theoretical cycle efficiency to approximately 76%. Finally, the efficiency of a 5 MW engineering-scale system is evaluated. The multi-rope winding and multi-rope friction lifting schemes can achieve electrical-to-electrical efficiencies of 80.69% and 80.74%, respectively. In these systems, horizontal transport accounts for approximately 20% of total losses, while mechanical losses exceed 40% and remain the primary target for engineering optimization. This study addresses significant gaps in the field of ton-scale experimental validation and horizontal transport energy modeling. It provides essential theoretical foundations and experimental evidence for the engineering design, loss reduction, and efficiency enhancement of vertical gravity energy storage systems.关键词：Gravity energy storage system;efficiency model;experimental testing;engineering-scale prototype21|19|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：Energy storage systems assume a pivotal role in the large-scale integration of renewable energy, enhancing the flexibility of power systems, mitigating load fluctuations, and ensuring operational security. This paper proposes a hierarchical-distributed aggregation control strategy for energy storage clusters, in response to the multidimensional differences among energy storage units in terms of capacity, power, State of Charge, and State of Health. First, an adaptive filtering algorithm is employed to attain high-precision state estimation of energy storage units under dynamic operating conditions and uncertain measurement noise. Subsequently, a dispatchable capability model for energy storage is constructed. Secondly, a hierarchical control architecture is proposed. The upper layer employs a centralized optimization to determine the optimal power response of the energy storage cluster, with operational economy and load smoothing as dual objectives. The lower layer implements a distributed coordinated control scheme, incorporating unit SOC balancing and life cost into a weighted allocation mechanism to achieve dynamic and coordinated power dispatch among energy storage units. A simulation is conducted to assess the load of a specific region on a typical summer day. The findings indicate that the proposed aggregation control strategy can effectively mitigate grid load fluctuations and capture benefits from electricity price differences. Daily peak load was reduced from 2 to 1.568 MW, and the peak-valley load difference was decreased from 1.35 MW to 0.669 MW. Furthermore, while satisfying the power response requirements of the system, it effectively mitigates the propagation of state inconsistencies and health disparities among storage units, thereby reducing the variance of SOC by 50% and life cost by 2% in comparison with conventional methods. The proposed method exhibits considerable significance in terms of enhancing the overall operational efficiency and promoting the full lifecycle health of the energy storage system.关键词：energy storage system;Aggregation control;State estimation;Life loss;state of charge25|8|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：Accurate estimation of the state of health (SOH) lithium batteries is crucial for ensuring the stable operation of energy-storage systems. In practical applications, the battery-charging process often exhibits incomplete and non-stationary characteristics, resulting in predominantly random segments of charging data. This poses significant challenges to traditional SOH-estimation methods. To address this issue, in this paper we propose an SOH-estimation method based on a dual-branch fusion network (DBFN) and meta learning (ML). First, we divide the raw charging data into multiple voltage-interval segments, and we extract from them the average incremental capacity, charging capacity, and charging time as health features. We utilize the initial and terminal voltages of each segment as positional-information features. Subsequently, we construct a DBFN model that includes two independent branches designed to process the aforementioned two types of features. This approach captures both the health-related information associated with battery degradation and the contextual positional information from the segments. We then employ a fusion module to estimate the SOH based on the random charging segments. Furthermore, we introduce ML to facilitate multi-battery task learning with limited samples, thereby rapidly optimizing the DBFN parameters and enhancing the capability for generalizing the model. Finally, we performed experimental validation using the NASA lithium-battery dataset and compared the proposed model with other benchmark models. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method excels in SOH estimation, achieving an optimal mean square error of 0.00012, a mean absolute error of 0.00892, and a mean absolute percentage error of 1.14%.关键词：lithium-ion batteries;Random charging segments;Health status estimation;Incremental Capacity;Dual-Branch Fusion Network;Meta-Learning47|5|0更新时间：2026-07-13
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A framework fusing ensemble learning and quantile regression for lithium-ion battery life prediction
摘要：Accurate prediction of lithium-ion battery life is imperative for ensuring the safety of battery systems. Traditional methods rely on complex feature engineering and struggle to quantify prediction uncertainty. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a lithium-ion battery life prediction framework integrating ensemble learning and quantile regression. The proposed framework utilizes a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) augmented with an attention mechanism as the fundamental learner. Incorporating a Bootstrap Aggregating strategy and quantile regression, the approach necessitates only battery capacity sequences processed via a sliding window for prediction, thereby eliminating the requirement for complex feature extraction. Validation on degradation data from five lithium-ion batteries with varying capacity specifications demonstrates that the proposed framework maintains high prediction accuracy across different prediction horizons. At a prediction horizon of 300 cycles, the Root Mean Square Error, Mean Absolute Percentage Error, and Mean Absolute Error are as low as 0.4097%, 0.3246%, and 0.1104%, respectively, significantly outperforming traditional point prediction models. A comparison of the proposed framework with single models and the standard GRU model reveals that the former attains superior and more stable prediction performance across all tested batteries. This enhancement can be attributed to the ensemble learning strategy, which augments model robustness and generalization. In the context of uncertainty quantification, the prediction intervals generated by the framework effectively encompass the actual capacity values of the test batteries. Furthermore, the coverage rates of the framework are notably higher than those of comparative models, underscoring its superiority in uncertainty assessment. This study innovatively combines ensemble learning with quantile regression, enabling high-precision point predictions while generating 95% confidence prediction intervals. Consequently, this combination significantly improves the accuracy and uncertainty quantification capability of lithium-ion battery life prediction.关键词：lithium-ion battery;ensemble learning;Quantile Regression;remaining useful life prediction;gated recurrent unit27|5|0更新时间：2026-07-13 - 摘要：This paper presents an adaptive Transformer with GA-based hyperparameter tuning for battery SOH prediction in energy storage systems. First, terminal voltage and operating current are extracted as input features based on a second-order RC equivalent circuit model, combined with SOH to form multi-dimensional time-series inputs. Then, the self-attention mechanism of the Transformer is employed to capture long-range dependencies in the charging and discharging process. Finally, GA is utilized to globally optimize key hyperparameters including learning rate, batch size, network depth, and the number of attention heads, thereby enhancing the model's generalization capability and prediction accuracy. Experimental results on the NASA battery aging dataset demonstrate that the proposed GA-Transformer outperforms CNN, RNN, LSTM, and GRU in terms of MAE, RMSE, MAPE, and R², validating the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.关键词：lithium-ion battery;State of Health;transformer;genetic algorithm;hyperparameter optimization22|21|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：Lithium-ion batteries have become the most widely used energy storage medium due to their high energy density and long cycle life. However, these systems' intricate physicochemical processes introduce safety concerns related to thermal runaway, which cannot be disregarded. In order to enhance the safety and reliability of battery energy storage systems and establish early warning thresholds for energy storage safety monitoring systems, it is essential to investigate the behavioral characteristics of critical parameters. These parameters include temperature, voltage, gas evolution, and safety valve activation during battery thermal runaway. Furthermore, a mechanistic analysis of the various gases produced during this process is necessary. This study investigates the heat and gas generation characteristics of a 22 Ah lithium iron phosphate hard-case battery during thermal runaway under external heating and typical SOC conditions (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%). A multifunctional experimental platform for studying battery thermal runaway was established. The findings of the study indicate that as the battery's state of charge (SOC) increases from 25% to 100%, the onset time of thermal runaway advances by 47 s, 29 s, and 207 s, respectively, with an escalating severity of runaway and a maximum temperature increase of 20.4℃, 32.6℃, and 66.8℃, respectively. The temporal interval between the activation of the safety valve and the onset of battery thermal runaway gradually diminishes. Furthermore, the analysis of multiple gas samples collected during the experiment revealed an increase in total gas concentration from 3879.22 μL/L (25% SOC) to 39260.14 μL/L (100% SOC), representing a 912.06% increase. Concurrently, the proportion of H2 decreased as thermal runaway progressed, while the proportions of CO2, CO, and hydrocarbons increased. During the thermal runaway phase, as the SOC increased from 25% to 75%, a significant increase in the H2 proportion was observed, accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the CO2 proportion. Furthermore, batteries undergoing thermal runaway at elevated SOC levels exhibited a substantially greater production of combustible gases in comparison to those operating at lower SOC levels. This study offers a valuable reference for the safety design of energy storage systems and provides guidance for enhancing their safety and reliability.关键词：Square-shaped Lithium Iron Phosphate Lithium-ion Battery;thermal runaway;heat and gas generation characteristics;reaction mechanism39|26|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：Against the backdrop of rapid global energy development, the proportion of renewable clean energy, with wind and solar energy as the core, in the energy output of the power grid continues to increase. However, intermittency and volatility issues also pose challenges to the stability of the power grid. Energy storage technology can effectively alleviate power grid conflicts and improve power grid stability, but it also brings new risk factors that require the construction of a new power grid risk assessment model that considers energy storage integration. The article provides an analysis and review of several mature assessment models that comprehensively consider energy storage and grid risks. Including Monte Carlo evaluation models, mathematical analytical models, and artificial intelligence algorithm models. Through research, it can be confirmed that the above analysis models can effectively analyze and evaluate the risk of the power grid, taking into account the integration of energy storage devices. Through a large amount of data calculation, the risk level of the power grid can be obtained, which has profound research significance.关键词：power grid risk;evaluation model;energy storage18|7|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：Borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) technology has been identified as a key solution to the mismatch between waste heat generation and utilization. Accurate determination of the thermal physical parameters of soil is paramount for the reliable design and optimization of the BTES system. To address the limitations of the conventional thermal response test (TRT), such as the requirement for constant input and the inability to accurately estimate the volumetric heat capacity, a method for inverting the actual performance of the BTES system based on the duct ground heat storage model and measured operation data is proposed. The particle swarm optimization algorithm based on the inertia weight method was employed to minimize the normalized comprehensive root mean square error (RMSE) to invert the initial soil temperature, thermal conductivity, and volumetric heat capacity. An experimental platform was established for the cross-seasonal heat storage and heating system of buried pipes. Following a three-month heat storage period, an increase in the average soil temperature was observed. The heat storage body of the buried pipes exhibited an increase from 12.81℃ to 16.09℃. The average daily heat storage capacity was determined to be 344.99 kW·h, and the total heat storage capacity was found to be 32.08 MW·h. The application of the proposed inversion method reduced the prediction error of the average daily effluent temperature from 1.28% to 0.39%. The prediction error of the average soil temperature decreased significantly from 5.16% to 0.27%. Consequently, the comprehensive RMSE decreased from 2.00℃ to 0.80℃. An independent assessment of the validation period further confirmed the superiority of the proposed inversion model. Compared with the initial parameters, the average relative error of the discharge temperature predicted by the inverted parameters decreased by 54.2%. The relative error of the average soil temperature fluctuated below 0.5% throughout the process, with an average relative error of 0.24%. The comprehensive RMSE for the inverted parameter predictions was 0.58℃, comprising RMSEfluid and RMSEsoil of 0.25℃ and 0.05℃, respectively, representing a 71% improvement in prediction accuracy. A comparison of the initial parameter conditions obtained using the TRT with the optimized inverted parameters reveals a significant enhancement in the predictive accuracy of the model for the actual system performance. This study proposes an efficient and reliable method for precisely inverting soil parameters using measured data and effectively predicting the actual system performance.关键词：buried pipe heat exchanger;buried pipe thermal storage;inversion model;Performance prediction;dynamic simulation19|4|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：The performance evaluation of energy storage systems plays a crucial role in their development and operation. However, its performance involves multi-dimensional indicators, and some of these indicators exhibit fuzzy characteristics. Therefore, traditional single-dimensional evaluation strategies have become difficult to achieve high-precision evaluation of modern energy storage systems. In response, this paper analyzes the application of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method in the performance evaluation of energy storage systems. Firstly, the core theory of fuzzy evaluation method is summarized. Then, the evaluation indicator system is discussed in detail. Finally, the completed evaluation process of energy storage systems is outlined.关键词：fuzzy evaluation;energy storage system;index;electric power11|8|0更新时间：2026-07-13
Energy Storage Test\: Methods and Evaluation
- 摘要：This paper aims to address the urgent demand for high-level talents in green energy technologies under the carbon peaking and neutrality goals and address prominent problems in traditional engineering postgraduate education, such as rigid disciplinary barriers, disconnection between theory and practice, and insufficient innovation capability. To this end, it proposes and implements a novel triadic integration training "experimentation–simulation–algorithm" for postgraduate students. Considering proton exchange membrane water electrolysis, a national strategic frontier, as an example, this model is driven by complex real-world engineering challenges. Through a four-in-one implementation path comprising curriculum restructuring, multisupervisor collaborative guidance, closed-loop iterative training, and industry–education integration support, the algorithm guides students toward integrating three core knowledge modules: materials engineering, multi-physics simulation, and intelligent optimization algorithms, thereby forming a closed research loop of "rational design–precision fabrication–efficient verification." An analysis of the model's implementation reveals that it significantly stimulates students' drive for intrinsic innovation. Graduates achieved outstanding academic outcomes and developed "convergent design" capabilities and systems-based thinking to solve complex engineering and scientific problems. This study proposes and tests a replicable and scalable practical paradigm for cultivating high-quality innovative talents in interdisciplinary fields such as energy storage and hydrogen energy in the "Emerging Engineering Education" context, offering an important reference for promoting connotative development of engineering education and therefore serving major national strategic needs.关键词：postgraduate education;interdisciplinary studies;triadic integration;proton exchange membrane water electrolysis;energy storage;Industry-Education Integration19|6|0更新时间：2026-07-13
- 摘要：This study analyzes the Energy Storage Science and Engineering major at Chongqing University as a case study to examine the practice and exploration of talent cultivation under the background of new engineering. Relying on a multi-disciplinary, cross-platform approach, it establishes an integrated curriculum system of "Production–Storage–Application" and a full-process innovative practice training process. Regarding the first batch of graduates, the students' average GPA increased, the rate of students pursuing further education reached 71.4%, and positive employment feedback was received. The integration of industry and education has initially taken shape as an engineering characteristic. Moreover, this study identifies the problems in the current training approach, including insufficient cross-integration of courses, a lack of practical teaching, and the need to strengthen the connection between undergraduate and postgraduate studies. The findings provide a basis for subsequent reforms, such as deepening course integration, improving the mechanism of "undergraduate-postgraduate connection" (integrated undergraduate-graduate studies), and strengthening intelligent empowerment.关键词：Energy Storage Science and Engineering;Undergraduate education;Undergraduate-graduate Integrated study;artificial intelligence26|44|0更新时间：2026-07-13
Discipline Construction of Energy Storage
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