Research progress in water-in-salt electrolytes for supercapacitors

GUI Qiuyue; WANG Ting; ZHAO Zhenting; HAN Yehu; LIU Jinping

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0257

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Research progress in water-in-salt electrolytes for supercapacitors

Special Issue of Key Materials and Devices of Supercapacitors | 更新时间：2026-07-01

- Research progress in water-in-salt electrolytes for supercapacitors
- Energy Storage Science and Technology Vol. 15, Issue 5, Pages: 1762-1778(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.广东省电子功能材料与器件重点实验室，惠州学院能源与物理学院，广东惠州 516007
  2.武汉理工大学化学化工与生命科学学院，材料复合新技术全国重点实验室，湖北武汉 430070
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0257
  CLC： TB 332
- Received：28 March 2026，
  
  Revised：2026-04-17，
  
  Published：28 May 2026
- 稿件说明：
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桂秋月, 王挺, 赵振廷, 等. 超级电容器盐包水电解质的研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(5): 1762-1778.

GUI Qiuyue, WANG Ting, ZHAO Zhenting, et al. Research progress in water-in-salt electrolytes for supercapacitors[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(5): 1762-1778.
桂秋月, 王挺, 赵振廷, 等. 超级电容器盐包水电解质的研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(5): 1762-1778. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0257.

GUI Qiuyue, WANG Ting, ZHAO Zhenting, et al. Research progress in water-in-salt electrolytes for supercapacitors[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(5): 1762-1778. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0257.

摘要

水系超级电容器具有高功率、低成本、高安全、环境友好等优点，被认为是极具潜力的下一代储能器件。然而，传统水系电解液受水热力学分解电压（≈1.23 V）的限制，电化学稳定窗口较窄，导致器件能量密度较低。盐包水电解质的提出显著拓宽了电化学稳定窗口（可达约3 V），不仅提升了器件的工作电压，也扩大电极材料的稳定工作区间协同提高其比容量。同时，更宽的电位范围进一步拓展了正负极材料的选择及电位匹配范围，使高电位赝电容材料及混合电容体系能够在水系环境中稳定运行。此外，该体系还能够调控高浓度溶剂化结构与界面化学环境形成稳定界面层，保障器件在高电压下的稳定运行。在此基础上，近年来发展的多组分溶质、杂化溶剂及凝胶等衍生盐包水体系，在保留宽电化学窗口优势的同时，在降低体系黏度、提高离子电导率、改善低温性能以及赋予器件柔性与宽温适应性等方面展现出重要作用，进一步拓展了水系超级电容器在柔性器件、微型储能等领域的应用潜力。本文综述了盐包水电解质的基本概念与工作机制、宽电化学窗口的形成机理、典型体系、存在挑战及优化策略，并重点阐述了其衍生体系在超级电容器中的应用进展。最后，对盐包水电解质的未来发展进行展望，为构建兼具高工作电压、优异倍率性能、高能量密度及良好环境适应性的超级电容器提供理论依据与研究思路。

Abstract

Aqueous supercapacitors have attracted considerable attention as promising next-generation energy storage devices owing to their intrinsic advantages such as high power density

low cost

safety

and environmental friendliness. However

their practical energy density remains limited by the narrow electrochemical stability window of conventional aqueous electrolytes

which is constrained by the thermodynamic decomposition voltage of water (about 1.23 V). The introduction of water-in-salt electrolytes significantly broadens the electrochemical stability window (up to about 3 V)

thereby increasing the operating voltages of the devices and expanding the stable potential range of electrode materials

which synergistically enhances their specific capacitance. Moreover

the wide potential window broadens the selection of cathode and anode materials and enlarges their potential-matching range

enabling high-potential pseudocapacitive materials and hybrid capacitors to function stably in aqueous environments. In addition

the electrolytes can regulate the solvation structure and interfacial chemical environment

facilitating the formation of a stable interphase and ensuring reliable device operation under high-voltage conditions. Building on this

emerging derivative systems

including multisolute

hybrid-solvent

and gel-based water-in-salt electrolytes

retain the advantage of a wide electrochemical window and offer reduced viscosity

enhanced ionic conductivity

improved low-temperature performance

and added flexibility along with wide temperature adaptability. These features further expand the application potential of aqueous supercapacitors in flexible electronics and microscale energy storage. This review summarizes the fundamental concepts and working mechanisms of water-in-salt electrolytes

the origin of their wide electrochemical stability window

representative systems

current challenges

and optimization strategies. Particular emphasis is placed on the application progress of their derivative systems in supercapacitors. Finally

future directions for water-in-salt electrolytes are discussed

with the aim of providing a theoretical basis and research perspective for the development of next-generation aqueous supercapacitors that combine high operating voltage

excellent rate capability

high energy density

and strong environmental adaptability.

关键词

Keywords

references

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