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All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries:State-of-the-art development and perspective XU Xiaoxiong, QIU Zhijun, GUAN Yibiao, HUANG Zhen, JIN Yi Energy Storage Science and Technology    2013, 2 (4): 331-341.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4239.2013.04.001 Abstract （4845）      PDF（pc） （3840KB）（9068）       Knowledge map    Save Conventional lithium-ion secondary batteries have been widely used in portable electronic devices and are now developed for large-scale applications in hybrid-type electric vehicles and stationary-type distributed power sources. However, there are inherent safety issues associated with thermal management and combustible organic electrolytes in such battery systems. The demands for batteries with high energy and power densities make these issues increasingly important. All-solid-state lithium batteries based on solid-state polymer and inorganic electrolytes are leak-proof and have been shown to exhibit excellent safety performance, making them a suitable candidate for the large-scale applications. This paper presents a brief review of the state-of-the-art development of all-solid-state lithium batteries including working principles, design and construction, and electrochemical properties and performance. Major issues associated with solid-state battery technologies are then evaluated. Finally, remarks are made on the further development of all-solid-state lithium cells. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on energy storage technologies of China in 2022 Haisheng CHEN, Hong LI, Yujie XU, Man CHEN, Liang WANG, Xingjian DAI, Dehou XU, Xisheng TANG, Xianfeng LI, Yongsheng HU, Yanwei MA, Yu LIU, Wei SU, Qingsong WANG, Jun CHEN, Ping ZHUO, Liye XIAO, Xuezhi ZHOU, Ziping FENG, Kai JIANG, Haijun YU, Yongbing TANG, Renjie CHEN, Yatao LIU, Yuxin ZHANG, Xipeng LIN, Huan GUO, Han ZHANG, Changkun ZHANG, Dongxu HU, Xiaohui RONG, Xiong ZHANG, Kaiqiang JIN, Lihua JIANG, Yumin PENG, Shiqi LIU, Yilin ZHU, Xing WANG, Xin ZHOU, Xuewu OU, Quanquan PANG, Zhenhua YU, Wei LIU, Fen YUE, Zhen LI, Zhen SONG, Zhifeng WANG, Wenji SONG, Haibo LIN, Jiecai LI, Bin YI, Fujun LI, Xinhui PAN, Li LI, Yiming MA, Huang LI Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (5): 1516-1552.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0330 Abstract （902）   HTML （235）    PDF（pc） （3233KB）（1605）       Knowledge map    Save Research progress on energy storage technologies of China in 2022 is reviewed in this paper. By reviewing and analyzing three aspects in terms of fundamental study, technical research, integration and demonstration, the progress on China's energy storage technologies in 2022 is summarized including hydro pumped energy storage, compressed air energy storage, flywheel, lithium-ion battery, lead battery, flow battery, sodium-ion battery, supercapacitor, new technologies, integration technology, firecontrol technology etc. It is found that important achievements in energy storage technologies have been obtained during 2022, and China is now the most active country in the world in energy storage fields on all the three aspects of fundamental study, technical research, integration and application. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Overview of the failure analysis of lithium ion batteries WANG Qiyu, WANG Shuo, ZHANG Jienan, ZHENG Jieyun, YU Xiqian, LI Hong Energy Storage Science and Technology    2017, 6 (5): 1008-1025.   DOI: 10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2017.00022 Abstract （4208）      PDF（pc） （38291KB）（7389）       Knowledge map    Save The failure problems, associated with capacity fade, increased internal resistance, gas generation, electrolyte leakage, short circuit, battery deformation, thermal runaway, lithium deposition and etc., are the major issues that limit the performances, reliability and consistency of the commercialized lithium ion batteries. These problems are the result of a complex interplay of a host of chemical and physical mechanisms. A reliable analysis and fundamental understanding of aging characteristics is of critical significance for development of battery. The failure analysis of lithium ion batteries is started with the identification of the failure effects, then selected the advisable analysis methods to establish the high efficiency procedures to target the problems and thus to find out the primary causes as well as to provide reliable suggestions for further optimization of material fabrication and battery engineering. This article discusses the failure effects and their causes in lithium ion batteries. The procedure of the failure analysis and the inspection methods will also be presented. Some cases of failure analysis are reviewed in this manuscript, such as capacity fade, thermal runaway, and gas generation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Na-ion batteries: From fundamental research to engineering exploration RONG Xiaohui, LU Yaxiang, QI Xingguo, ZHOU Quan, KONG Weihe, TANG Kun, CHEN Liquan, HU Yongsheng Energy Storage Science and Technology    2020, 9 (2): 515-522.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2020.0054 Abstract （4010）   HTML （453）    PDF（pc） （3020KB）（5519）       Knowledge map    Save With the increasing demand for low-cost energy storage systems, more and more researchers and engineers have been involved in the fundamental research and engineering exploration of Na-ion batteries (NIBs), which grew rapidly in the past decade. This article firstly analyzes the situation of global lithium resource, especially the potential risks in China. Then we review the history of NIBs and introduce their global industrialization status in recent years. According to the latest research progress in this field, we summarize seven advantages of NIBs in terms of cost, performance, etc., which endows NIBs with huge development potential. Finally, we focus on introducing our work on the development and mass production of low-cost electrode materials such as copper-based layered oxide cathodes and disordered carbon anodes, as well as the application demonstration and engineering scale-up of NIBs. The successful demonstration of Ah-grade cells and battery packs for NIBs has initially proved their feasibility. By optimizing electrode materials, electrolytes, manufacturing and integration, and battery management, it is expected to further improve the comprehensive performance of NIBs, and realize the practical applications in low-speed electric vehicles, data center backup power supplies, communication base stations, household/industrial energy storage systems, and large-scale energy storage. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of energy storage technology in China in 2021 Haisheng CHEN, Hong LI, Wentao MA, Yujie XU, Zhifeng WANG, Man CHEN, Dongxu HU, Xianfeng LI, Xisheng TANG, Yongsheng HU, Yanwei MA, Kai JIANG, Hao QIAN, Qingsong WANG, Liang WANG, Xinjing ZHANG, Xing WANG, Dehou XU, Xuezhi ZHOU, Wei LIU, Xianzhang WU, Donglin WANG, Qinggang HE, Zifeng MA, Yaxiang LU, Xuesong ZHANG, Quan LI, Liumin SUO, Huan GUO, Zhenhua YU, Wenxin MEI, Peng QIN Energy Storage Science and Technology    2022, 11 (3): 1052-1076.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0105 Abstract （2408）   HTML （431）    PDF（pc） （1662KB）（4460）       Knowledge map    Save Research and development progress on energy storage technologies of China in 2021 is reviewed in this paper. By reviewing and analyzing three aspects of research and development including fundamental study, technical research, integration and demonstration, the progress on major energy storage technologies is summarized including hydro pumped energy storage, compressed air energy storage, flywheel, lead battery, lithium-ion battery, flow battery, sodium-ion battery, supercapacitor, new technologies, integration technology, fire-control and safety technology. The results indicate that extensive improvements of China's energy storage technologies have been achieved during 2021 in terms of all the three aspects. China is now the most active country in energy storage fundamental study and also one of the core countries of technical research and demonstration. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental measurement and analysis methods of cyclic voltammetry for lithium batteries NIE Kaihui, GENG Zhen, WANG Qiyu, YUE Jinming, YU Xiqian, LI Hong Energy Storage Science and Technology    2018, 7 (3): 539-553.   DOI: 10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2018.0067 Abstract （2368）      PDF（pc） （14115KB）（3308）       Knowledge map    Save Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a very important electrochemical measurement method, which has been widely used in electrochemistry research especially for the study of lithium batteries. CV is commonly used to study the reversibility, mechanism and kinetic properties of electrode reactions in lithium batteries. Here, we overviewed the fundamental principles, experimental methods and the commonly used equipments for the CV measurement. Besides, its applications on the study of lithium batteries were introduced in detail, combing with practical experimental cases. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental measurement and analysis methods of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for lithium batteries LING Shigang, XU Jieru, LI Hong Energy Storage Science and Technology    2018, 7 (4): 732-749.   DOI: 10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2018.0092 Abstract （3328）      PDF（pc） （23460KB）（5548）       Knowledge map    Save Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is an important electrochemical measurement method. It is widely used in the field of electrochemistry, especially in lithium ion batteries, such as measuring the electrical conductivity, apparent chemical diffusion coefficient, growth and evolution of SEI, charge transfer and the mass transfer process. This paper mainly focused on the basic principle of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the testing methods, the matters needing attention and the equipment used in the electrochemical impedance measurement. Finally, the application of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in the lithium ion battery is introduced in a practical case. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanisms of gas evolution and suppressing strategies based on the electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries Chong XU, Ning XU, Zhimin JIANG, Zhongkai LI, Yang HU, Hong YAN, Guoqiang MA Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (7): 2119-2133.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0212 Abstract （690）   HTML （139）    PDF（pc） （13368KB）（919）       Knowledge map    Save Rapid development of portable devices, electric vehicles, and energy storage power stations has led to the increasing need of optimizing the cost, cycling life, charging time, and safety of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Gas generation during cycling and storage causes volume expansion and electrode/separator dislocation, which can increase electrochemical polarization and lead to decreased battery lifespan or safety hazards. Herein, we summarize the mechanisms with respect to the primary gases that evolve in LIBs, including oxygen, hydrogen, alkenes, alkanes, and carbon oxide, and describe the effect of operating temperature, voltage window, and electrode materials on gas generation. We also describe the relationship between this gas generation and LIB performance. We further propose several electrolyte-based strategies that focus on increasing the stability of the electrolyte and electrode/electrolyte interface. Specifically, the electrolyte stability is increased by employing functional additives to scavenge trace water, hydrofluoric acid, and active oxygen species, reducing the proportion of cyclic carbonates, and by using fluorinated solvents in the electrolyte. The adoption of film-forming additives can effectively improve the stability of the electrode/electrolyte interface, suppressing gas generation. In addition, we discuss the challenges and urgent issues related to gas generation in LIBs and provide unique perspectives on the intrinsic mechanism for developing increasingly efficient gas-suppression methods. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Overview of multilevel failure mechanism and analysis technology of energy storage lithium-ion batteries Yi WANG, Xuebing CHEN, Yuanxi WANG, Jieyun ZHENG, Xiaosong LIU, Hong LI Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (7): 2079-2094.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0295 Abstract （623）   HTML （214）    PDF（pc） （10041KB）（887）       Knowledge map    Save The electrochemical and safety performance of lithium-ion batteries is closely related to the characteristics of their materials, electrodes, and cell levels. Revealing the multilevel failure mechanism of energy storage lithium-ion batteries can guide their design optimization and use control. Therefore, this study considers the widely used lithium-iron phosphate energy storage battery as an example to review common failure forms, failure mechanisms, and characterization analysis techniques from the perspectives of materials, electrodes, and cells. Multilevel failure in this article includes the structure, composition, and interface failure of anode and cathode materials; the failure of electrolytes and separators; the failure of lithium plating, porosity, exfoliation, and nonuniform polarization of electrodes; and the gas production and thermal runaway of cells. Finally, the future energy storage failure analysis technology is presented, including the application of advanced characterization technology and standardized failure analysis process to contribute to promoting the development of failure analysis technology for energy storage lithium-ion batteries. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cost analysis of hydrogen production by electrolysis of renewable energy GUO Xiuying, LI Xianming, XU Zhuang, HE Guangli, MIAO Ping Energy Storage Science and Technology    2020, 9 (3): 688-695.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2020.0004 Abstract （2712）   HTML （163）    PDF（pc） （3084KB）（2752）       Knowledge map    Save In this paper, the cost of hydrogen production by renewable energy electrolysis was systematically analyzed, and the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) from alkaline and PEM electrolyzers were compared. The effects of scale, hydrogen pressure, compression and liquefaction, and input power fluctuation on the cost of hydrogen production by alkaline and PEM electrolysis were investigated. The results showed that the cost of hydrogen production was reduced with the increase of scale. When the scale of our investigated electrolysis system was increased from 1 MW to 40 MW, its fixed cost was reduced by more than 40%, but its LCOH cost was reduced byless than 25% because electricity is the main cost. The LCOH cost of hydrogen production by high-pressure electrolysis can be significantly reduced without increasing the fixed cost. With the increase of electrolysis pressure from 1 atm to 30 atm, the cost of hydrogen further compression to 700 atm will be reduced from 1 $/kg to 0.3 $/kg. The liquefaction cost was significantly affected by the scale, and the levelized cost of hydrogen production by electrolysis and liquefaction decreased from 8.7 $/kg to 5.3 $/kg with the increasing of scale from 1 MW to 40 MW. For PEM has good adaptability of renewable energy fluctuation, the LCOH cost of PEM could be lower than that of alkaline electrolysis with an increase of low power (<20% rated power) fluctuation. With the improvement of alkaline electrolysis and PEM electrolysis technology, which is better or worse should be discussed according to the specific situation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prototype all-solid-state battery electrodes preparation and assembly technology Yanming CUI, Zhihua ZHANG, Yuanqiao HUANG, Jiu LIN, Xiayin YAO, Xiaoxiong XU Energy Storage Science and Technology    2021, 10 (3): 836-847.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0090 Abstract （1740）   HTML （309）    PDF（pc） （4492KB）（2427）       Knowledge map    Save All-solid-state lithium batteries, with good safety, long life and high energy, are an emerging option for next-generation technologies on the road to a green energy storage device. All-solid-state lithium batteries are prepared with all-solid electrode and all-solid electrolyte without liquid additives. Therefore, the electrode preparation and assembly of all solid-state lithium batteries are quite different from those of existing liquid lithium batteries. Here we summarize the typical assembly approaches of prototype all-solid-state batteries using oxide, sulfide, or polymer as solid electrolytes, providing reference for all-solid-state battery researchers.In this paper, the electrode preparation and assembly technology with the corresponding performance characteristics of several typical all-solid-state lithium batteries are reviewed in detail. The structure, cathode preparation methods, anode modification methods and battery assembly methods of oxide, sulfide and polymer solid electrolyte are summarized and analyzed respectively. Finally, some suggestions on the laboratory development and assembly methods of all solid state lithium batteries are given. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Technology feasibility and economic analysis of Na-ion battery energy storage ZHANG Ping, KANG Libin, WANG Mingju, ZHAO Guang, LUO Zhenhua, TANG Kun, LU Yaxiang, HU Yongsheng Energy Storage Science and Technology    2022, 11 (6): 1892-1901.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0066 Abstract （2136）   HTML （293）    PDF（pc） （3612KB）（2250）       Knowledge map    Save Energy-storage technology is a critical technology for the construction of energy Internet, which is important for ensuring stable operation of power grids, optimizing energy transmission, absorbing clean energy, and improving power quality. Electrochemical energy-storage technology, which enjoys the advantages of small geographic-location restrictions and short construction period, is one of the mainstream energy-storage technologies. Currently, the most mature electrochemical energy-storage technology is lithium-ion battery. However, the shortage in lithium resources can alone limit the popularization of electric vehicles and large-scale energy-storage applications. Sodium-ion batteries have become the current research focus in energy-storage technology owing to rich sodium resources, low cost, high-energy conversion efficiency, long cycle life, low maintenance costs, and other advantages. This study analyzes the technical feasibility and technical economy of Na-ion battery energy-storage technology and compares it with the current mainstream energy-storage technologies. The advantages of Na-ion battery in the field of large-scale energy storage are analyzed in terms of the cost per kiloWatt-hour. A demonstration of a 1 MW·h Na-ion battery energy-storage system is also briefly introduced. Meanwhile, some views and suggestions on the application of Na-ion battery in energy-storage power stations are provided. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress and prospect of key materials of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis Bin XU, Rui WANG, Wei SU, Guangli HE, Ping MIAO Energy Storage Science and Technology    2022, 11 (11): 3510-3520.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0319 Abstract （1064）   HTML （102）    PDF（pc） （4897KB）（1664）       Knowledge map    Save Hydrogen is an essential element for a net carbon energy system that provides an alternative to difficult sectors for deep decarbonization, including heavy industry and long-haul transport. Electrolytic hydrogen synthesized through renewables is the most sustainable technology. It offers additional flexibility to integrate intermittent renewable energy and also can be used as seasonal energy storage. High current density, high operating pressure, small electrolyzer size, good integrity, and flexibility are all benefits of proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis technology. It also has good adaptability to the high volatility of wind and PV power. However, one of the main challenges is its high cost. The cost composition and application status of PEM water electrolysis are summarized in this study, and the research progress in critical materials, preparation technology, and component manufacturing are addressed in depth. According to research, novel structure-design preparation strategies and manufacturing technology are expected to improve electrolyzer design and construction, decrease the cost of raw materials and manufacturing for bipolar plates, decrease ohmic polarization by reducing membrane thickness, and increase the activity and utilization of noble-metal catalysts. Finally, the future R&D direction and target of PEM water electrolysis are proposed. With technology innovation in material performance, optimization of component manufacturing, and an increase in electrolyzer plant scale, significantly reducing the cost of PEM water electrolysis equipment and accelerating the large-scale development of PEM hydrogen production. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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High-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage vessels： Current status and prospects Jian LI, Lixin ZHANG, Ruiyi LI, Xiao YANG, Ting ZHANG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2021, 10 (5): 1835-1844.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0309 Abstract （1261）   HTML （102）    PDF（pc） （6699KB）（1624）       Knowledge map    Save This study introduced several high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage containers, including high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinders, high-pressure composite hydrogen storage tanks, and glass hydrogen storage containers. High-pressure hydrogen storage cylinders include all-metal gas cylinders and fiber composite material-wound gas cylinders. The only commercially available high-pressure hydrogen storage container has the advantages of easy hydrogen release and high hydrogen concentration. The high-pressure composite hydrogen storage tank used hydrogen storage materials to store hydrogen and achieve solid hydrogen storage; the gap between the powder materials also participated in hydrogen storage to accomplish gas-solid mixed hydrogen storage. This method had the advantages of high volumetric hydrogen storage density, fast hydrogen charging speed, and good working performance at low temperatures. The glass hydrogen storage containers included hollow glass microspheres and a capillary glass array. This was a new type of high-pressure hydrogen storage container that had the advantages of high mass and volume density, good safety, low-cost parameters, and did not undergo hydrogen embrittlement. It was initially anticipated that this type of container would be combined with fuel cells and applied to various electronic mobile devices. However, due to imperfections in its related supporting devices, additional development is required for its commercial application. This paper compared the performance of several commercial high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks. It focused on the hydrogen storage mechanism, the technical status, and the research related to glass hydrogen storage tanks. It posited future technical research directions related to several types of hydrogen storage tanks. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Recent progress on the Li7La3Zr2O12 （LLZO） solid electrolyte JIANG Pengfeng, SHI Yuansheng, LI Kangwan, HAN Baichuan, YAN Liquan, SUN Yang, LU Xia Energy Storage Science and Technology    2020, 9 (2): 523-537.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2019.0286 Abstract （2836）   HTML （116）    PDF（pc） （5127KB）（2942）       Knowledge map    Save Solid-state batteries with high safety, high energy density, and long lifespan are considered one of the most important next-generation energy storage technologies to replace traditional organic rechargeable Li-ion batteries. The development of such solid batteries is limited by the solid electrolytes that are compatible with solid-solid interfaces. Since it’s discovered in 2007, the garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 （LLZO） solid electrolyte has demonstrated a promising application in solid batteries owing to its superior ionic conductivity （ca. 10-3 S/cm at room temperature） and highly stable chemical/electrochemical activities. Therefore, this review systematically summarizes the recent progress on the structural manipulation, elemental doping, and the fundamentals of fast ionic migration. In addition, this paper introduces an approach to optimize the interface structure between the positive/negative electrodes and the garnet-type solid electrolyte, improve the interface wettability and compatibility with LLZO electrodes, and presents the history of Li-rich garnet solid electrolytes. The new results on the development of high-performance LLZO-based solid batteries are also included to outline the path for building better solid batteries. This paper sheds new light on promoting the practical application of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Conductivity test and analysis methods for research of lithium batteries XU Jieru, LING Shigang, WANG Shaofei, PAN Du, NIE Kaihui, ZHANG Hua, QIU Jiliang, LU Jiaze, LI Hong Energy Storage Science and Technology    2018, 7 (5): 926-957.   DOI: 10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2018.0162 Abstract （2260）      PDF（pc） （37535KB）（3660）       Knowledge map    Save Lithium ionic conductivity, electronic conductivity of active electrode materials and lithium ionic conductivity of electrolyte materials are closely related to the dynamic behavior of lithium batteries. Therefore, conductivity test and analysis contribute the understanding of electrochemical properties of materials, including direct current method (DC), alternating current impedance (AC impedance), and direct current polarization method (DC polarization). Based on the different conductivity characteristics of electrolyte materials and active electrode materials, this paper introduced the methods, principles, equipments, test procedures and precautions of conductivity test. Besides, the analysis of data was illustrated with specific cases of lithium batteries. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characterization and testing of key electrical and electrochemical properties of lithium-ion solid electrolytes HUANG Xiao, WU Linbin, HUANG Zhen, LIN Jiu, XU Xiaoxiong Energy Storage Science and Technology    2020, 9 (2): 479-500.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2019.0296 Abstract （2133）   HTML （191）    PDF（pc） （12753KB）（2463）       Knowledge map    Save Lithium-ion solid electrolyte is a key material for the development of high-safety solid-state lithium batteries, and its electrochemical performance is closely related to the full batteries. Ionic conductivity, electronic conductivity, electrochemical window, and stability versus lithium interface are the key electrical and electrochemical properties of solid electrolytes. In-depth characterization and analysis can help understand the compatibility between different electrolyte and electrode materials, which facilitates the development of high-performance solid-state lithium batteries. This study introduces different types of lithium-ion solid electrolytes. The key electrochemical performances, methods, principles, and equipment for testing are described. In addition, the analysis of the data is described in combination with specific cases. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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High-nickel ternary layered cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries： Research progress， challenges and improvement strategies Zhizhan LI, Jinlei QIN, Jianing LIANG, Zhengrong LI, Rui WANG, Deli WANG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2022, 11 (9): 2900-2920.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0595 Abstract （1605）   HTML （259）    PDF（pc） （22577KB）（1735）       Knowledge map    Save With the gradual expansion of lithium-ion battery applications in the field of new energy vehicles, endurance mileage has become a key factor restricting the development of new energy vehicles. Improving the energy density of lithium-ion batteries is an effective way to solve range anxiety. Owing to their high specific capacity, low cost, and relatively good safety, high-nickel ternary layered materials are now one of the most promising cathode candidates for the next high-specific energy lithium-ion batteries. However, increased nickel content significantly decreases ternary layered materials' cycling and thermal stability. In this regard, we first summarize the development process of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries and analyze the necessity of developing ternary layered materials for high nickel, after which the current challenges based on the research status of high nickel ternary layered cathode materials are systematically discussed. The failure mechanism of the material is comprehensively analyzed by considering cation mixing, structural degradation, microcracks, surface side reactions, and thermal stability. In addition, considering the problems of high nickel ternary layered materials, some effective and advanced improvement strategies, including surface coating, element doping, single-crystal structure, and concentration gradient design, are reviewed. The research progress of various improvement strategies and modification mechanisms is highlighted. Finally, we compare the characteristics of various improvement strategies. Based on the advantages of a single improvement strategy and the coupling effect of different improvement strategies, we look forward to the development direction of the improvement strategy for high nickel ternary layered materials and propose feasibility programs for the collaborative application of multiple improvement strategies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of flow battery technologies Zhizhang YUAN, Zonghao LIU, Xianfeng LI Energy Storage Science and Technology    2022, 11 (9): 2944-2958.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0295 Abstract （1371）   HTML （178）    PDF（pc） （6518KB）（1841）       Knowledge map    Save Energy storage technology is the key to constructing new power systems and achieving "carbon neutrality." Flow batteries are ideal for energy storage due to their high safety, high reliability, long cycle life, and environmental safety. In this review article, we discuss the research progress in flow battery technologies, including traditional (e.g., iron-chromium, vanadium, and zinc-bromine flow batteries) and recent flow battery systems (e.g., bromine-based, quinone-based, phenazine-based, TEMPO-based, and methyl viologen [MV]?-based flow batteries). Furthermore, we systematically review these flow batteries according to their development and maturity and discuss their traits, challenges, and prospects. The bottlenecks for different types of flow battery technologies are also selectively analyzed. The future advancement and research directions of flow battery technologies are summarized by considering the practical requirements and development trends in flow battery technologies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A review of research on immersion cooling technology for lithium-ion batteries Shaohong ZENG, Weixiong WU, Jizhen LIU, Shuangfeng WANG, Shifeng YE, Zhenyu FENG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (9): 2888-2903.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0269 Abstract （824）   HTML （90）    PDF（pc） （14824KB）（673）       Knowledge map    Save The thermal management system of batteries is of great significance to the safe and efficient operation of lithium batteries. Compared with traditional thermal management technology, immersion cooling technology has obvious advantages in controlling temperature and energy efficiency. With the rapid development of electric vehicles and energy storage power stations, research on immersion cooling systems has gained increasing attention. This paper first systematically summarizes the five commonly used dielectric fluids, including electronic fluorinated fluids, hydrocarbons, esters, silicone oils, and water-based fluids, from thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, safety, environmental protection, and economy perspectives. Then, according to the battery system's operating temperature characteristics, the research progress of immersion cooling in low-temperature preheating, room temperature cooling, and thermal runaway suppression is reviewed in detail. There is still a lack of research on low-temperature preheating. Ambient temperature cooling can be achieved through single-phase liquid cooling or gas-liquid phase change cooling. Dielectric fluids with high flash points may be crucial in suppressing thermal runaway during the battery system failure. Finally, the current progress of this field is introduced, and the future development direction of dielectric fluids for lithium-ion battery immersion systems is proposed. Among them, electronic fluorinated fluids and synthetic hydrocarbons are relatively mature, esters and silicone oils are less studied, and water-based fluids urgently need to solve the electrical insulation problem. This paper can provide a reference for designing an immersion cooling system for electrochemical energy storage systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics