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All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries:State-of-the-art development and perspective XU Xiaoxiong, QIU Zhijun, GUAN Yibiao, HUANG Zhen, JIN Yi Energy Storage Science and Technology    2013, 2 (4): 331-341.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4239.2013.04.001 Abstract （4831）      PDF（pc） （3840KB）（9050）       Knowledge map    Save Conventional lithium-ion secondary batteries have been widely used in portable electronic devices and are now developed for large-scale applications in hybrid-type electric vehicles and stationary-type distributed power sources. However, there are inherent safety issues associated with thermal management and combustible organic electrolytes in such battery systems. The demands for batteries with high energy and power densities make these issues increasingly important. All-solid-state lithium batteries based on solid-state polymer and inorganic electrolytes are leak-proof and have been shown to exhibit excellent safety performance, making them a suitable candidate for the large-scale applications. This paper presents a brief review of the state-of-the-art development of all-solid-state lithium batteries including working principles, design and construction, and electrochemical properties and performance. Major issues associated with solid-state battery technologies are then evaluated. Finally, remarks are made on the further development of all-solid-state lithium cells. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Overview of the failure analysis of lithium ion batteries WANG Qiyu, WANG Shuo, ZHANG Jienan, ZHENG Jieyun, YU Xiqian, LI Hong Energy Storage Science and Technology    2017, 6 (5): 1008-1025.   DOI: 10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2017.00022 Abstract （4202）      PDF（pc） （38291KB）（7381）       Knowledge map    Save The failure problems, associated with capacity fade, increased internal resistance, gas generation, electrolyte leakage, short circuit, battery deformation, thermal runaway, lithium deposition and etc., are the major issues that limit the performances, reliability and consistency of the commercialized lithium ion batteries. These problems are the result of a complex interplay of a host of chemical and physical mechanisms. A reliable analysis and fundamental understanding of aging characteristics is of critical significance for development of battery. The failure analysis of lithium ion batteries is started with the identification of the failure effects, then selected the advisable analysis methods to establish the high efficiency procedures to target the problems and thus to find out the primary causes as well as to provide reliable suggestions for further optimization of material fabrication and battery engineering. This article discusses the failure effects and their causes in lithium ion batteries. The procedure of the failure analysis and the inspection methods will also be presented. Some cases of failure analysis are reviewed in this manuscript, such as capacity fade, thermal runaway, and gas generation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental measurement and analysis methods of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for lithium batteries LING Shigang, XU Jieru, LI Hong Energy Storage Science and Technology    2018, 7 (4): 732-749.   DOI: 10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2018.0092 Abstract （3321）      PDF（pc） （23460KB）（5540）       Knowledge map    Save Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is an important electrochemical measurement method. It is widely used in the field of electrochemistry, especially in lithium ion batteries, such as measuring the electrical conductivity, apparent chemical diffusion coefficient, growth and evolution of SEI, charge transfer and the mass transfer process. This paper mainly focused on the basic principle of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the testing methods, the matters needing attention and the equipment used in the electrochemical impedance measurement. Finally, the application of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in the lithium ion battery is introduced in a practical case. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Na-ion batteries: From fundamental research to engineering exploration RONG Xiaohui, LU Yaxiang, QI Xingguo, ZHOU Quan, KONG Weihe, TANG Kun, CHEN Liquan, HU Yongsheng Energy Storage Science and Technology    2020, 9 (2): 515-522.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2020.0054 Abstract （3988）   HTML （451）    PDF（pc） （3020KB）（5496）       Knowledge map    Save With the increasing demand for low-cost energy storage systems, more and more researchers and engineers have been involved in the fundamental research and engineering exploration of Na-ion batteries (NIBs), which grew rapidly in the past decade. This article firstly analyzes the situation of global lithium resource, especially the potential risks in China. Then we review the history of NIBs and introduce their global industrialization status in recent years. According to the latest research progress in this field, we summarize seven advantages of NIBs in terms of cost, performance, etc., which endows NIBs with huge development potential. Finally, we focus on introducing our work on the development and mass production of low-cost electrode materials such as copper-based layered oxide cathodes and disordered carbon anodes, as well as the application demonstration and engineering scale-up of NIBs. The successful demonstration of Ah-grade cells and battery packs for NIBs has initially proved their feasibility. By optimizing electrode materials, electrolytes, manufacturing and integration, and battery management, it is expected to further improve the comprehensive performance of NIBs, and realize the practical applications in low-speed electric vehicles, data center backup power supplies, communication base stations, household/industrial energy storage systems, and large-scale energy storage. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of energy storage technology in China in 2021 Haisheng CHEN, Hong LI, Wentao MA, Yujie XU, Zhifeng WANG, Man CHEN, Dongxu HU, Xianfeng LI, Xisheng TANG, Yongsheng HU, Yanwei MA, Kai JIANG, Hao QIAN, Qingsong WANG, Liang WANG, Xinjing ZHANG, Xing WANG, Dehou XU, Xuezhi ZHOU, Wei LIU, Xianzhang WU, Donglin WANG, Qinggang HE, Zifeng MA, Yaxiang LU, Xuesong ZHANG, Quan LI, Liumin SUO, Huan GUO, Zhenhua YU, Wenxin MEI, Peng QIN Energy Storage Science and Technology    2022, 11 (3): 1052-1076.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0105 Abstract （2391）   HTML （424）    PDF（pc） （1662KB）（4414）       Knowledge map    Save Research and development progress on energy storage technologies of China in 2021 is reviewed in this paper. By reviewing and analyzing three aspects of research and development including fundamental study, technical research, integration and demonstration, the progress on major energy storage technologies is summarized including hydro pumped energy storage, compressed air energy storage, flywheel, lead battery, lithium-ion battery, flow battery, sodium-ion battery, supercapacitor, new technologies, integration technology, fire-control and safety technology. The results indicate that extensive improvements of China's energy storage technologies have been achieved during 2021 in terms of all the three aspects. China is now the most active country in energy storage fundamental study and also one of the core countries of technical research and demonstration. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The assembly, charge-discharge performance measurement and data analysis of lithium-ion button cell WANG Qiyu, CHU Geng, ZHANG Jienan, WANG Yi, ZHOU Ge, NIE Kaihui, ZHENG Jieyun, YU Xiqian, LI Hong Energy Storage Science and Technology    2018, 7 (2): 327-344.   DOI: 10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2018.0022 Abstract （2133）      PDF（pc） （17246KB）（4169）       Knowledge map    Save In the initial stage of basic research and evaluation of products, electrochemical performances of lithium ion batteries are measured commonly through button cell. Accurate measurements and standard analysis are essential for screening materials, exploring new materials and batteries. Based on previous literature and practical experience, this paper summarizes the assembly, charge-discharge measurements and data analysis of lithium-ion button cell in laboratory. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of lithium ion battery solid-electrolyte interface(SEI) LIANG Dayu, BAO Tingting, GAO Tianhui, ZHANG Jian Energy Storage Science and Technology    2018, 7 (3): 418-423.   DOI: 10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2018.0059 Abstract （2368）      PDF（pc） （454KB）（3880）       Knowledge map    Save The lithium ion battery solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) is a thin-layer film formed on the surface of electrodes due to redox decomposition of electrolyte in the initial charging process. SEI film with high ionic conduction and electrical resistance is quite necessary for the long-term usage of lithium ion batteries and has a crucial impact on their capacity, rate, cycling and safety performances. However, because of its complex formation processes and great difficulties in making accurate characterization, only a superficial knowledge of SEI derive from some experimental observation or model hypothesis, thus quantitative analysis and controllable structural optimization are still needed to be further investigated. This paper reviews the formation process, the influence factors,some research ideas and current research status of SEI film. In addition, some potential research directions of SEI have been presented, including investigating the formation mechanism and role of SEI on the surface of cathode materials, optimizing the electrolyte formulas through solvents, lithium salts and additives to facilitate the formation of more stable SEI films, adopting advanced in-situ analysis methods and theoretical calculation methods to analyze chemical composition, morphology and microstructure of SEI, exploring effective ways to construct artificial SEI film and realize controllable structural modification. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Conductivity test and analysis methods for research of lithium batteries XU Jieru, LING Shigang, WANG Shaofei, PAN Du, NIE Kaihui, ZHANG Hua, QIU Jiliang, LU Jiaze, LI Hong Energy Storage Science and Technology    2018, 7 (5): 926-957.   DOI: 10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2018.0162 Abstract （2259）      PDF（pc） （37535KB）（3653）       Knowledge map    Save Lithium ionic conductivity, electronic conductivity of active electrode materials and lithium ionic conductivity of electrolyte materials are closely related to the dynamic behavior of lithium batteries. Therefore, conductivity test and analysis contribute the understanding of electrochemical properties of materials, including direct current method (DC), alternating current impedance (AC impedance), and direct current polarization method (DC polarization). Based on the different conductivity characteristics of electrolyte materials and active electrode materials, this paper introduced the methods, principles, equipments, test procedures and precautions of conductivity test. Besides, the analysis of data was illustrated with specific cases of lithium batteries. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the nano-Si/C materials with high capacity for Lithium-iom battery LIU Bonan1, XU Quan2, CHU Geng1, LU Hao1, YIN Yaxia2, LUO Fei1, ZHENG Jieyun1, GUO Yuguo2, LI Hong1 Energy Storage Science and Technology    2016, 5 (4): 417-421.   DOI: 10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2016.04.003 Abstract （1988）      PDF（pc） （7872KB）（3466）       Knowledge map    Save Abstract: Nano-Si/C composite materials made up of nano-sized Si and carbon, is considered can solve the problem of large volume variation and unstable SEI formation of Si anode upon cycling, which have always impeded the practical application of Si-based anode. Because the carbon can effectively accommodate strain release and stablize the electrode/electrolyde interface. In this report, the recent progress of nano-Si/C materials is briefly introduced. After continuous research and development, the rebounding, efficiency, compaction density and workability of low capacity composite materials (380～450 mA·h·g-1) has reached the level of state of art commercial graphite material. The cycle and rate performance of high and ultra-high capacity materials (500～2000 mA·h·g-1) has been significantly improved owing to the sophisticated structure design. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental measurement and analysis methods of cyclic voltammetry for lithium batteries NIE Kaihui, GENG Zhen, WANG Qiyu, YUE Jinming, YU Xiqian, LI Hong Energy Storage Science and Technology    2018, 7 (3): 539-553.   DOI: 10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2018.0067 Abstract （2360）      PDF（pc） （14115KB）（3298）       Knowledge map    Save Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a very important electrochemical measurement method, which has been widely used in electrochemistry research especially for the study of lithium batteries. CV is commonly used to study the reversibility, mechanism and kinetic properties of electrode reactions in lithium batteries. Here, we overviewed the fundamental principles, experimental methods and the commonly used equipments for the CV measurement. Besides, its applications on the study of lithium batteries were introduced in detail, combing with practical experimental cases. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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R&D vision and strategies on solid lithium batteries LI Hong1，2, XU Xiaoxiong3 Energy Storage Science and Technology    2016, 5 (5): 607-614.   DOI: 10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2016.0023 Abstract （1419）      PDF（pc） （12899KB）（3295）       Knowledge map    Save Increasing energy density of rechargeable batteries is highly desired by many emerging applications. It is necessary to identify possible solutions for achieving both high energy density and other required performances. Based on personal knowledge and understandings, this perspective paper summarizes the main scientific and technological problems of solid lithium battries as well as reported solutions. In view of practical application, the features of four types solid lithium batteries with different solid electrolyte are compared. And a roadmap is drawn accordingly. In addition, the technological targets of the energy density of lithium batteries from USA, Japan and China government are listed. The positions of the solid lithium batteries in the roadmap are marked. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Degradation study of Ni-rich NCM batteries operated at high tempertures WANG Sihui, XU Zhongling, DU Rui, MENG Huanping, LIU Yong, LIU Na, LIANG Chengdu Energy Storage Science and Technology    2017, 6 (4): 770-775.   DOI: 10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2017.0004 Abstract （1433）      PDF（pc） （6227KB）（3062）       Knowledge map    Save Driven by increasing demand for long range of electric vehicles, Ni-rich cathode materials have attracted lots of attention for the development of high energy density EV batteries. As the life span of EV batteries needs to be more than 10 years and the product development time is limited, an accelerated life span testing is often used to assess the long-term performance of the batteries. In this work, we prepared NCM811 cathode material through co-precipitation and high-temperature calcination and stored NCM811/Graphite pouch-type full cells at 60 ℃ in a fully charged state for the investigation of their storage performance. It was found that the storage capacity of the cells decreased to 80% after 180-day storage. XRD, SEM, ICP-AES, XPS and HRTEM techniques were used to investigate the differences between freshly made and the degraded electrodes. The results demonstrated the formation of by-products on the surface of cathode, and cathode materials exhibited layered-spinel-rock salt phase transformation after storage, both greatly increased the cell impedance. In addition, transition metal ions dissolved from the cathode were found to accumulate on the anode, which may have destroyed the SEI, leading to the consumption of the active lithium. Surface coating and bulk doping could resolve the problem through stabilizing the surface and bulk structure of the cathode materials. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Recent progress on vanadium flow battery technologies ZHANG Huamin, WANG Xiaoli Energy Storage Science and Technology    2013, 2 (3): 281-288.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4239.2013.03.014 Abstract （1460）      PDF（pc） （4969KB）（2977）       Knowledge map    Save Due to inherent safety, long cycle life, environmental friendliness and easiness in the state of charge monitoring, vanadium flow batteries (VRB) have been regarded as one of the promising technologies for large scale energy storage applications. In this paper, technological challenges are briefly reviewed first in the commercialization of vanadium flow batteries. Future research needs are then proposed. The most recent progress is then presented in VRB stack structural design, battery system integration and demonstration, especially the collaborative efforts made by the VRB research group of Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) and Dalian Rongke Power Co. Ltd. (RKP). Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Recent progress on the Li7La3Zr2O12 （LLZO） solid electrolyte JIANG Pengfeng, SHI Yuansheng, LI Kangwan, HAN Baichuan, YAN Liquan, SUN Yang, LU Xia Energy Storage Science and Technology    2020, 9 (2): 523-537.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2019.0286 Abstract （2828）   HTML （113）    PDF（pc） （5127KB）（2924）       Knowledge map    Save Solid-state batteries with high safety, high energy density, and long lifespan are considered one of the most important next-generation energy storage technologies to replace traditional organic rechargeable Li-ion batteries. The development of such solid batteries is limited by the solid electrolytes that are compatible with solid-solid interfaces. Since it’s discovered in 2007, the garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 （LLZO） solid electrolyte has demonstrated a promising application in solid batteries owing to its superior ionic conductivity （ca. 10-3 S/cm at room temperature） and highly stable chemical/electrochemical activities. Therefore, this review systematically summarizes the recent progress on the structural manipulation, elemental doping, and the fundamentals of fast ionic migration. In addition, this paper introduces an approach to optimize the interface structure between the positive/negative electrodes and the garnet-type solid electrolyte, improve the interface wettability and compatibility with LLZO electrodes, and presents the history of Li-rich garnet solid electrolytes. The new results on the development of high-performance LLZO-based solid batteries are also included to outline the path for building better solid batteries. This paper sheds new light on promoting the practical application of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries based on polymer electrolytes: State of the art, challenges and future trends DU Aobing, CHAI Jingchao, ZHANG Jianjun, LIU Zhihong, CUI Guanglei Energy Storage Science and Technology    2016, 5 (5): 627-648.   DOI: 10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2016.0020 Abstract （1335）      PDF（pc） （24845KB）（2897）       Knowledge map    Save The traditional rechargeable lithium batteries commonly used a large amount of non-aqueous liquid electrolytes leading to inherent hazards of leakages and fire. All-solid-state polymer electrolytes (ASPEs) attract intensive interests due to their unique properties, such as high safety characteristics, wide operating temperature range and long cycle life. They are expected to be the next generation of commercialized electrolytes in the field of lithium-ion battery. The dendritic growth of lithium metal electrode can also be well suppressed in the process of charging and discharging by ASPEs, because ASPEs usually have excellent mechanical properties. This review presents a brief overview of recent progress in ASPEs based on polyethylene oxide(PEO), polycarbonate, polysiloxane and single lithium-ion conductor. PEO is the first class of ASPEs that are researched extensively, whose high crystallinity give rise to the difficult migration of Li+ and low ion conductivity. Aimed at the issue of crystallinity, researchers have exploited plenty of modifications to lower polymer chains’ crystallinity and improve the conductivity of PEO. Lithium salts are easily dissolved in polycarbonates and resulted polymer electrolyte has higher ion conductivity than PEO because of its strongly polar carbonate group and amorphous state at room temperature, which may be alternative materials of PEO potentially. Besides the carbon-chain polymers, polysiloxane with low glass transition temperature attracts widespread concerns from researchers because of its high conductivity. In addition, migration of anions will only exacerbate concentration polarization of electrolytes in the charge-discharge process, so single lithium-ion conductors without anions’ migration are also worth to exploiting. Finally, the challenges and future trends towards high energy and all-solid-state polymer electrolytes batteries are also commented. PEO should be developed with the organic-inorganic composite system, polycarbonate should be developed with the blend system, polysiloxane should be enhanced with strong mechanical properties, single lithium-ion conductor should be designed with the new polyanion lithium salt that has higher conductivity. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Calculation on energy densities of lithium ion batteries and metallic lithium ion batteries WU Jiaoyang, LIU pin, HU Yongsheng, LI Hong Energy Storage Science and Technology    2016, 5 (4): 443-453.   DOI: 10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2016.04.0007 Abstract （2508）      PDF（pc） （14281KB）（2791）       Knowledge map    Save Lithium batteries have the highest theoretical energy densities among all electrochemical energy storage devices. Prediction of the energy density of the different lithium ion batteries (LIB) and metallic lithium ion batteries (MLIB) is valuable for understanding the limitation of the batteries and determine the directions of R&D. In this research paper, the energy densities of LIB and MLIB have been calculated. Ourcalculation includes the active electrode materials and inactive materials inside the cell.For practical applications, energy density is essential but not the only factor to be considered, other requirements on the performances have to be satisfied ina balanced way. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cost analysis of hydrogen production by electrolysis of renewable energy GUO Xiuying, LI Xianming, XU Zhuang, HE Guangli, MIAO Ping Energy Storage Science and Technology    2020, 9 (3): 688-695.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2020.0004 Abstract （2693）   HTML （163）    PDF（pc） （3084KB）（2729）       Knowledge map    Save In this paper, the cost of hydrogen production by renewable energy electrolysis was systematically analyzed, and the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) from alkaline and PEM electrolyzers were compared. The effects of scale, hydrogen pressure, compression and liquefaction, and input power fluctuation on the cost of hydrogen production by alkaline and PEM electrolysis were investigated. The results showed that the cost of hydrogen production was reduced with the increase of scale. When the scale of our investigated electrolysis system was increased from 1 MW to 40 MW, its fixed cost was reduced by more than 40%, but its LCOH cost was reduced byless than 25% because electricity is the main cost. The LCOH cost of hydrogen production by high-pressure electrolysis can be significantly reduced without increasing the fixed cost. With the increase of electrolysis pressure from 1 atm to 30 atm, the cost of hydrogen further compression to 700 atm will be reduced from 1 $/kg to 0.3 $/kg. The liquefaction cost was significantly affected by the scale, and the levelized cost of hydrogen production by electrolysis and liquefaction decreased from 8.7 $/kg to 5.3 $/kg with the increasing of scale from 1 MW to 40 MW. For PEM has good adaptability of renewable energy fluctuation, the LCOH cost of PEM could be lower than that of alkaline electrolysis with an increase of low power (<20% rated power) fluctuation. With the improvement of alkaline electrolysis and PEM electrolysis technology, which is better or worse should be discussed according to the specific situation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of water-based binder for Li-ion batteries HUANG Shu, REN Jianguo, YUAN Guohui Energy Storage Science and Technology    2016, 5 (2): 129-134.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4239.2016.02.003 Abstract （1313）      PDF（pc） （6826KB）（2712）       Knowledge map    Save Binder is an important material for making electrodes, which can significantly influence the electrochemical performances of Li-ion batteries. Water-based binders have attracted much attention in recent research because the proper binders could enhance the adhesion with less amount. Moreover, binders also play an important role on improving electrochemical performance and restraining volume expansion. The application of water-based binder makes the production process more environmental friendly and cheaper. The application of water-based binder for cathode and anode in Li-ion batteries was reviewed in this paper. It was pointed out that the electrodes prepared with water-based binder possessed excellent performances and capacious application prospects. The features, merits and demerits for different kinds of binders were discussed. It shows that water-based binder can be used to replace the organic solvent-based binder polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF). Finally, the developing trend of electrode binder was summarized. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A review of key materials for all-solid-state lithium ion batteries LI Yang, DING Fei, SANG Lin, ZHONG Hai, LIU Xingjiang Energy Storage Science and Technology    2016, 5 (5): 615-626.   DOI: 10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2016.0043 Abstract （1588）      PDF（pc） （16090KB）（2701）       Knowledge map    Save All-solid-state lithium ion batteries utilize solid state electrolytes to overcome the safety issues of liquid electrolytes, becoming the most promoting candidate for electric vehicle and large-scale stationary-type distributed power sources. There is an urgent demand for all solid state lithium ion batteries with high energy and power densities and longevity. Materials hold the key to fundamental and practical advances in all-solid-state lithium ion batteries. Most studies have been focused on exploration and preparation of solid electrolytes with high ambient temperature ion conductivity as well as cathode and anode with high energy density, and optimization of interfacial compatibility between electrode and solid electrolyte. This paper is a comprehensive review of the key materials for all-solid-state lithium ion batteries: Various important advances of new solid electrolyte, cathode and anode made in research and practical application, the modification methods to improve the interfacial behavior, and the further development of materials and interfacial issues, which lay a foundation for the analysis of commercial applications prospect of all-solid-state lithium ion batteries. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fundamental scientific aspects of lithium batteries (III) --Phase transition and phase diagram GAO Jian, LV Yingchun, LI Hong Energy Storage Science and Technology    2013, 2 (3): 250-266.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4239.2013.03.010 Abstract （1506）            Knowledge map    Save Phase transition is an essential problem in battery research. Understanding on phase transition in synthesis precisely is necessary to obtain target products with controlled structure and composition. Knowledge about phase transitions of electrolyte can offer the information of the safe and stable working condition, and provide a way to develop new electrolyte according to the characteristics of phase transition. Phase composition and phase evolution can be illustrated concisely and directly in phase diagram. This paper summarizes briefly typical research activities on phase transition and phase diagram in Li-ion batteries during material preparation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics