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All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries:State-of-the-art development and perspective XU Xiaoxiong, QIU Zhijun, GUAN Yibiao, HUANG Zhen, JIN Yi Energy Storage Science and Technology    2013, 2 (4): 331-341.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4239.2013.04.001 Abstract （4845）      PDF（pc） （3840KB）（9068）       Knowledge map    Save Conventional lithium-ion secondary batteries have been widely used in portable electronic devices and are now developed for large-scale applications in hybrid-type electric vehicles and stationary-type distributed power sources. However, there are inherent safety issues associated with thermal management and combustible organic electrolytes in such battery systems. The demands for batteries with high energy and power densities make these issues increasingly important. All-solid-state lithium batteries based on solid-state polymer and inorganic electrolytes are leak-proof and have been shown to exhibit excellent safety performance, making them a suitable candidate for the large-scale applications. This paper presents a brief review of the state-of-the-art development of all-solid-state lithium batteries including working principles, design and construction, and electrochemical properties and performance. Major issues associated with solid-state battery technologies are then evaluated. Finally, remarks are made on the further development of all-solid-state lithium cells. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Na-ion batteries: From fundamental research to engineering exploration RONG Xiaohui, LU Yaxiang, QI Xingguo, ZHOU Quan, KONG Weihe, TANG Kun, CHEN Liquan, HU Yongsheng Energy Storage Science and Technology    2020, 9 (2): 515-522.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2020.0054 Abstract （4009）   HTML （452）    PDF（pc） （3020KB）（5518）       Knowledge map    Save With the increasing demand for low-cost energy storage systems, more and more researchers and engineers have been involved in the fundamental research and engineering exploration of Na-ion batteries (NIBs), which grew rapidly in the past decade. This article firstly analyzes the situation of global lithium resource, especially the potential risks in China. Then we review the history of NIBs and introduce their global industrialization status in recent years. According to the latest research progress in this field, we summarize seven advantages of NIBs in terms of cost, performance, etc., which endows NIBs with huge development potential. Finally, we focus on introducing our work on the development and mass production of low-cost electrode materials such as copper-based layered oxide cathodes and disordered carbon anodes, as well as the application demonstration and engineering scale-up of NIBs. The successful demonstration of Ah-grade cells and battery packs for NIBs has initially proved their feasibility. By optimizing electrode materials, electrolytes, manufacturing and integration, and battery management, it is expected to further improve the comprehensive performance of NIBs, and realize the practical applications in low-speed electric vehicles, data center backup power supplies, communication base stations, household/industrial energy storage systems, and large-scale energy storage. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Layered oxide cathode for sodium ion batteries: Interlayer glide, phase transition and performance Huanqing LIU, Xu GAO, Jun CHEN, Shouyi YIN, Kangyu ZOU, Laiqiang XU, Guoqiang ZOU, Hongshuai HOU, Xiaobo JI Energy Storage Science and Technology    2020, 9 (5): 1327-1339.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2020.0123 Abstract （858）   HTML （146）    PDF（pc） （8592KB）（1329）       Knowledge map    Save Due to the abundance of sodium resources, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), as rechargeable batteries, have received increasing attention, especially for large-scale energy storage systems. However, the development of SIBs is hindered by the lack of suitable host materials to reversibly insert/extract Na ions. Layered transition metal oxides (NaxMO2, M = Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Cr and their combinations) are promising cathode materials for SIBs due to their high theoretical capacity and simple structure. Interlayer glide and phase transitions are more prone to occur in sodium transition metal layered oxides than in their lithium counterparts. In this review, recent progress on the structural evolution and electrochemical performance of NaxMO2 materials are summarized. The dependence of the battery performance (the cycle performance, rate performance, and energy efficiency) on the structural evolution are discussed. In addition, this review presents several strategies to alleviate this problem and points to next generation electrode materials for SIBs. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Reviews of selected 100 recent papers for lithium batteries （Dec. 1， 2023 to Jan. 31， 2024） Qiangfu SUN, Xiaoyu SHEN, Guanjun CEN, Ronghan QIAO, Jing ZHU, Junfeng HAO, Xinxin ZHANG, Mengyu TIAN, Zhou JIN, Yuanjie ZHAN, Yong YAN, Liubin BEN, Hailong YU, Yanyan LIU, Xuejie HUANG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2024, 13 (3): 725-741.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0142 Abstract （132）      PDF（pc） （930KB）（182）       Knowledge map    Save This bimonthly review paper highlights 100 recent published papers on lithium batteries. We searched the Web of Science and found 6213 papers online from Dec. 1, 2023 to Jan. 31, 2024. 100 of them were selected to be highlighted. The selected papers of cathode materials focus on high-nickel ternary layered oxides and Li-rich oxides, and the effects of doping, interface modifications and structural evolution with prolonged cycling are investigated. For anode materials, silicon-based composite materials are improved by surface modification and optimized electrode structure to mitigate the effects of volume changes. Efforts have also been devoted to designing artificial interface and controlling the inhomogeneous plating of lithium metal anode. The relation of structure design and performances of chloride-based, sulfide-based and polymer-based solid-state electrolytes has been extensively studied. Different combination of solvents, lithium salts, and functional additives are used for liquid electrolytes to meet the requirements for battery applications. For solid-state batteries, the modification and surface coating of the cathode, the design of composite cathode, the interface to anode/electrolyte interface and 3D anode have been widely investigated. Studies on lithium-sulfur batteries are mainly focused on the structural design of the cathode and the development of functional coating and electrolytes, and solid state lithium-sulfur battery has also drawn large attentions. New binders and the dry electrode coating technology are developed for Li-ion batteries. There are a few papers for the characterization techniques of structural phase transition of the cathode materials and the interfacial evolution of lithium deposition, while theoretical papers are mainly related to the study of interfacial ion transport and the optimization of electrode structure. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of energy storage technology in China in 2021 Haisheng CHEN, Hong LI, Wentao MA, Yujie XU, Zhifeng WANG, Man CHEN, Dongxu HU, Xianfeng LI, Xisheng TANG, Yongsheng HU, Yanwei MA, Kai JIANG, Hao QIAN, Qingsong WANG, Liang WANG, Xinjing ZHANG, Xing WANG, Dehou XU, Xuezhi ZHOU, Wei LIU, Xianzhang WU, Donglin WANG, Qinggang HE, Zifeng MA, Yaxiang LU, Xuesong ZHANG, Quan LI, Liumin SUO, Huan GUO, Zhenhua YU, Wenxin MEI, Peng QIN Energy Storage Science and Technology    2022, 11 (3): 1052-1076.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0105 Abstract （2408）   HTML （431）    PDF（pc） （1662KB）（4460）       Knowledge map    Save Research and development progress on energy storage technologies of China in 2021 is reviewed in this paper. By reviewing and analyzing three aspects of research and development including fundamental study, technical research, integration and demonstration, the progress on major energy storage technologies is summarized including hydro pumped energy storage, compressed air energy storage, flywheel, lead battery, lithium-ion battery, flow battery, sodium-ion battery, supercapacitor, new technologies, integration technology, fire-control and safety technology. The results indicate that extensive improvements of China's energy storage technologies have been achieved during 2021 in terms of all the three aspects. China is now the most active country in energy storage fundamental study and also one of the core countries of technical research and demonstration. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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High-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage vessels： Current status and prospects Jian LI, Lixin ZHANG, Ruiyi LI, Xiao YANG, Ting ZHANG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2021, 10 (5): 1835-1844.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0309 Abstract （1261）   HTML （102）    PDF（pc） （6699KB）（1624）       Knowledge map    Save This study introduced several high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage containers, including high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinders, high-pressure composite hydrogen storage tanks, and glass hydrogen storage containers. High-pressure hydrogen storage cylinders include all-metal gas cylinders and fiber composite material-wound gas cylinders. The only commercially available high-pressure hydrogen storage container has the advantages of easy hydrogen release and high hydrogen concentration. The high-pressure composite hydrogen storage tank used hydrogen storage materials to store hydrogen and achieve solid hydrogen storage; the gap between the powder materials also participated in hydrogen storage to accomplish gas-solid mixed hydrogen storage. This method had the advantages of high volumetric hydrogen storage density, fast hydrogen charging speed, and good working performance at low temperatures. The glass hydrogen storage containers included hollow glass microspheres and a capillary glass array. This was a new type of high-pressure hydrogen storage container that had the advantages of high mass and volume density, good safety, low-cost parameters, and did not undergo hydrogen embrittlement. It was initially anticipated that this type of container would be combined with fuel cells and applied to various electronic mobile devices. However, due to imperfections in its related supporting devices, additional development is required for its commercial application. This paper compared the performance of several commercial high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks. It focused on the hydrogen storage mechanism, the technical status, and the research related to glass hydrogen storage tanks. It posited future technical research directions related to several types of hydrogen storage tanks. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on energy storage technologies of China in 2022 Haisheng CHEN, Hong LI, Yujie XU, Man CHEN, Liang WANG, Xingjian DAI, Dehou XU, Xisheng TANG, Xianfeng LI, Yongsheng HU, Yanwei MA, Yu LIU, Wei SU, Qingsong WANG, Jun CHEN, Ping ZHUO, Liye XIAO, Xuezhi ZHOU, Ziping FENG, Kai JIANG, Haijun YU, Yongbing TANG, Renjie CHEN, Yatao LIU, Yuxin ZHANG, Xipeng LIN, Huan GUO, Han ZHANG, Changkun ZHANG, Dongxu HU, Xiaohui RONG, Xiong ZHANG, Kaiqiang JIN, Lihua JIANG, Yumin PENG, Shiqi LIU, Yilin ZHU, Xing WANG, Xin ZHOU, Xuewu OU, Quanquan PANG, Zhenhua YU, Wei LIU, Fen YUE, Zhen LI, Zhen SONG, Zhifeng WANG, Wenji SONG, Haibo LIN, Jiecai LI, Bin YI, Fujun LI, Xinhui PAN, Li LI, Yiming MA, Huang LI Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (5): 1516-1552.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0330 Abstract （902）   HTML （235）    PDF（pc） （3233KB）（1605）       Knowledge map    Save Research progress on energy storage technologies of China in 2022 is reviewed in this paper. By reviewing and analyzing three aspects in terms of fundamental study, technical research, integration and demonstration, the progress on China's energy storage technologies in 2022 is summarized including hydro pumped energy storage, compressed air energy storage, flywheel, lithium-ion battery, lead battery, flow battery, sodium-ion battery, supercapacitor, new technologies, integration technology, firecontrol technology etc. It is found that important achievements in energy storage technologies have been obtained during 2022, and China is now the most active country in the world in energy storage fields on all the three aspects of fundamental study, technical research, integration and application. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Thermal runaway characteristics and mechanisms of Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles under nail penetration and crush XU Huiyong, FAN Yafei, ZHANG Zhiping, HU Renzong Energy Storage Science and Technology    2020, 9 (4): 1113-1126.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2020.0028 Abstract （1200）   HTML （59）    PDF（pc） （3630KB）（1825）       Knowledge map    Save Thermal runaway of battery is an irreversible failure mode that can, in its most severe form, cause battery combustion and explosion, which can trigger the combustion of electrical vehicles, resulting in heavy loss of property and danger to human life. Therefore, it is considerably significant to study thermal runaway for understanding the failure mechanisms of the Li-ion batteries and improving the battery quality by optimizing the design to reduce the risk of battery combustion and explosion. Based on the electrical vehicle incident investigations, thermal runaway can be mainly attributed to mechanical abuse. In this study, the research progress with respect to the effects of nail penetration and crushing on the thermal runaway of the Li-ion vehicle batteries is summarized. In additional, the factors that influence the thermal runaway of Li-ion batteries are systematically analyzed, including battery materials and structures. Results show that under nail penetration and crushing, the battery charge states, internal structural design, and chemical systems considerably influence the thermal runaway results. Among them, the internal structural design and chemical systems of the batteries affect their thermal safety performance. Furthermore, mechanical abuses, such as nail penetration and crushing, trigger thermal runaway by causing large-scale internal short circuits in the batteries. Hence, rationalization proposals with respect to battery safety design have been proposed based on the related research results to avoid internal short circuits. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in lithium manganese iron phosphate cathode material modification Zhipeng WEN, Kai PAN, Yi WEI, Jiawen GUO, Shanli QIN, Wen JIANG, Lian WU, Huan LIAO Energy Storage Science and Technology    2024, 13 (3): 770-787.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0771 Abstract （549）      PDF（pc） （11783KB）（149）       Knowledge map    Save Cathode materials are vital for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because they determine their performance by directly affecting the energy density, cycle life, rate, and safety of these batteries. Olivine-type LiMnFePO4 is a commercial LIB cathode material with good market prospects due to its high energy density, low cost, environmental compatibility, stability, and safety. However, the inherent shortcomings of LiMnFePO4, such as low electronic and ionic conductivity, seriously hinder its large-scale commercial application in high-performance LIBs. Thus, improving the electron and ion conductivity of LiMnFePO4 is an urgent problem to solve. This review comprehensively discusses the structural characteristics, synthesis methods, and the recent research progress in LiMnFePO4 cathode materials. Improving the conductivity of LiMnFePO4 cathode materials by surface coating, morphology control, and ion doping is discussed. Although these three modification methods can optimize the electron and ion transport path in the LiMnFePO4 matrix, the problem of poor electronic and ionic conductivity is difficult to solve via a single method. To improve the comprehensive performance of LiMnFePO4 cathode materials, this paper summarizes the current research progress and proposes future research directions for LiMnFePO4. The modification strategy of combining carbon-doped heteroatom coating, control of the short b-axis morphology, and ion doping is considered an effective remedy for the poor electronic and ionic conductivity and can endow LiMnFePO4 cathode materials with high capacity and high stability. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of polymer electrolyte for solid state lithium batteries ZHOU Weidong, HUANG Qiu, XIE Xiaoxin, CHEN Kejun, LI Wei, QIU Jieshan Energy Storage Science and Technology    2022, 11 (6): 1788-1805.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0168 Abstract （1359）   HTML （206）    PDF（pc） （10335KB）（1324）       Knowledge map    Save Currently, the critical challenges of lithium-ion batteries are how to improve their energy density and safety. With the help of nonflammable solid electrolytes and improved compatibility with Li-metal-based anode, solid state lithium batteries can effectively alleviate these two issues. Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) is one of the most promising solid-state-electrolytes because of its high flexibility, ease of processing, and good interfacial contact. The ionic conductivity, electrochemical window, and electrode stability all play important roles in the overall performance of solid lithium metal batteries. According to the different electrochemical stability windows, this study reviews the typical SPE systems classified by low-and high-voltage stable SPEs. The strategies of chemical modification, electrode/electrolyte interface engineering, and multilayer structure design are discussed, aiming to improve the ionic conductivity and broaden the electrochemical window of SPEs. This review summarizes the different electrochemical stability windows: ① Low-voltage-stable SPEs with good lithium metal compatibility and Li+ conductivity that can be improved by crosslinking, blending, copolymerization, and being composites with inorganic fillers; ② High-voltage-stable SPEs with lower highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy and match high voltage cathode for improving the energy density of lithium metal batteries; and ③ Multilayer SPE systems that can withstand the simultaneous reduction of lithium metal anode and oxidation of high voltage cathode, providing a new strategy for the development of high energy density batteries. These SPE systems summarize the research focus of low-voltage-stable SPE to improve ionic conductivity and mechanical properties. The key to high-voltage-stable SPE is to reduce the HOMO energy and/or establish a stable CEI layer with a cathode. The research focus of multilayer SPE is the appropriate design of battery and electrode structure. The construction of highly Li-conducting polymer structures, which can stabilize or form an interface passivating layer with both cathode and anode simultaneously, is a future research focus. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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High-nickel ternary layered cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries： Research progress， challenges and improvement strategies Zhizhan LI, Jinlei QIN, Jianing LIANG, Zhengrong LI, Rui WANG, Deli WANG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2022, 11 (9): 2900-2920.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0595 Abstract （1605）   HTML （259）    PDF（pc） （22577KB）（1735）       Knowledge map    Save With the gradual expansion of lithium-ion battery applications in the field of new energy vehicles, endurance mileage has become a key factor restricting the development of new energy vehicles. Improving the energy density of lithium-ion batteries is an effective way to solve range anxiety. Owing to their high specific capacity, low cost, and relatively good safety, high-nickel ternary layered materials are now one of the most promising cathode candidates for the next high-specific energy lithium-ion batteries. However, increased nickel content significantly decreases ternary layered materials' cycling and thermal stability. In this regard, we first summarize the development process of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries and analyze the necessity of developing ternary layered materials for high nickel, after which the current challenges based on the research status of high nickel ternary layered cathode materials are systematically discussed. The failure mechanism of the material is comprehensively analyzed by considering cation mixing, structural degradation, microcracks, surface side reactions, and thermal stability. In addition, considering the problems of high nickel ternary layered materials, some effective and advanced improvement strategies, including surface coating, element doping, single-crystal structure, and concentration gradient design, are reviewed. The research progress of various improvement strategies and modification mechanisms is highlighted. Finally, we compare the characteristics of various improvement strategies. Based on the advantages of a single improvement strategy and the coupling effect of different improvement strategies, we look forward to the development direction of the improvement strategy for high nickel ternary layered materials and propose feasibility programs for the collaborative application of multiple improvement strategies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Brief analysis on surge phenomenon and anti-surge technology of air compressor Shi LIU, Zheng HUANG, Yaxuan HU, Yi YANG, Qingshui GAO, Chu ZHANG, Hongjie WENG, Ranran AN, Debo LI, Shenglei DU, Zhigang LIU Energy Storage Science and Technology    2020, 9 (S1): 70-77.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2020.0184 Abstract （515）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （1550KB）（981）       Knowledge map    Save The impact of surge phenomenon is one of the biggest disadvantageous inherent factors in the normal operation of the core key component of air compressor. To address this issue, this work was performed through the investigation and discussion of the domestic and foreign-related literature to analyzes the parameter change and hardware inducement of the compressor surge to explore the external performance characteristics of the compressor surge phenomenon. It has been found that surge location is uncertain and the size structure of the system has a great effect on surge behavior, and the empirical critical value B is explained. This paper summarizes and puts forward anti-surge technical measures of the hardware and software, expounds on the impact of infrastructure, diffuser, impeller, shell, and other hardware structures on the surge, and points out the corresponding anti-surge measures and implementation effect. The principles of the fixing limit flow method, variable limit flow method and active control method with software and hardware were introduced in this work. The advantages, characteristics, and functions of these technologies are compared and analyzed, then the technical means of surge detection are summarized and classified. Finally, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology is mainly introduced followed by the recent advancement in anti-surge technology and their future predictions are summarized. Comprehensive analysis shows that CFD combined with active control anti-surge technology will play a more important role in the future, which will help stall and surge research from qualitative to quantitative and achieve high-efficiency design and development of compressed air energy storage air compressor and normal high-performance operation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Overview of research on composite electrolytes for solid-state batteries Zhuo XU, Lili ZHENG, Bing CHEN, Tao ZHANG, Xiuling CHANG, Shouli WEI, Zuoqiang DAI Energy Storage Science and Technology    2021, 10 (6): 2117-2126.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0178 Abstract （1342）   HTML （157）    PDF（pc） （8723KB）（1336）       Knowledge map    Save At the moment, there are numerous issues with single inorganic solid electrolytes and polymer solid electrolytes, such as low ionic conductivity, dendrite formation, unstable interfaces, and so on. In varying degrees, composite solid electrolytes formed by organic polymer electrolytes and inorganic electrolytes can improve conductivity, inhibit dendrite formation, improve mechanical strength, interface stability, and compatibility. This paper reviews the improvement direction and measures of composite solid-state electrolytes in improving lithium ion conductivity, inhibiting lithium dendrite, and improving electrochemical stability. In addition, the development direction of the composite solid-state battery is anticipated, which serves as a reference for the development and application of the composite solid-state battery. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system Liangbo QIAO, Xiaohu ZHANG, Xianzhong SUN, Xiong ZHANG, Yanwei MA Energy Storage Science and Technology    2022, 11 (1): 98-106.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0229 Abstract （1123）   HTML （97）    PDF（pc） （3073KB）（1369）       Knowledge map    Save Energy storage is a key supporting technology for solving the problem of large-scale grid connection of renewable energy generation, promoting the development of new energy vehicles, and achieving the medium-and long-term goals of carbon peak and carbon neutralization. The hybrid energy storage system composed of an energy-type energy storage device and a power-type energy storage device is an efficient system for energy and power management that gives full play to the durability of the energy-type energy storage and the rapidity of the power-type energy storage. It also greatly improves the comprehensive performance and economy of the energy storage system. This paper summarizes the energy and power electrochemical energy storage technologies, and characteristics and various battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage systems (BSHESS). The application of the hybrid energy storage system in the power grid energy storage, new energy vehicles, rail transit, and other fields is analyzed. The key technologies of the BSHESS, including their control and energy management, are analyzed in detail, and the control methods commonly used in the hybrid energy storage system are summarized. Moreover, an analysis of the parameter matching and technical economy of the BSHESS is performed. The topological structure classification of the BSHESS is summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of each topological structure are discussed. In addition, a simulation comparison between the BSHESS and the single energy storage system is performed to verify the superiority of the former over the latter. Finally, development prospects are proposed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanisms of gas evolution and suppressing strategies based on the electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries Chong XU, Ning XU, Zhimin JIANG, Zhongkai LI, Yang HU, Hong YAN, Guoqiang MA Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (7): 2119-2133.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0212 Abstract （690）   HTML （139）    PDF（pc） （13368KB）（918）       Knowledge map    Save Rapid development of portable devices, electric vehicles, and energy storage power stations has led to the increasing need of optimizing the cost, cycling life, charging time, and safety of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Gas generation during cycling and storage causes volume expansion and electrode/separator dislocation, which can increase electrochemical polarization and lead to decreased battery lifespan or safety hazards. Herein, we summarize the mechanisms with respect to the primary gases that evolve in LIBs, including oxygen, hydrogen, alkenes, alkanes, and carbon oxide, and describe the effect of operating temperature, voltage window, and electrode materials on gas generation. We also describe the relationship between this gas generation and LIB performance. We further propose several electrolyte-based strategies that focus on increasing the stability of the electrolyte and electrode/electrolyte interface. Specifically, the electrolyte stability is increased by employing functional additives to scavenge trace water, hydrofluoric acid, and active oxygen species, reducing the proportion of cyclic carbonates, and by using fluorinated solvents in the electrolyte. The adoption of film-forming additives can effectively improve the stability of the electrode/electrolyte interface, suppressing gas generation. In addition, we discuss the challenges and urgent issues related to gas generation in LIBs and provide unique perspectives on the intrinsic mechanism for developing increasingly efficient gas-suppression methods. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prototype all-solid-state battery electrodes preparation and assembly technology Yanming CUI, Zhihua ZHANG, Yuanqiao HUANG, Jiu LIN, Xiayin YAO, Xiaoxiong XU Energy Storage Science and Technology    2021, 10 (3): 836-847.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0090 Abstract （1740）   HTML （309）    PDF（pc） （4492KB）（2427）       Knowledge map    Save All-solid-state lithium batteries, with good safety, long life and high energy, are an emerging option for next-generation technologies on the road to a green energy storage device. All-solid-state lithium batteries are prepared with all-solid electrode and all-solid electrolyte without liquid additives. Therefore, the electrode preparation and assembly of all solid-state lithium batteries are quite different from those of existing liquid lithium batteries. Here we summarize the typical assembly approaches of prototype all-solid-state batteries using oxide, sulfide, or polymer as solid electrolytes, providing reference for all-solid-state battery researchers.In this paper, the electrode preparation and assembly technology with the corresponding performance characteristics of several typical all-solid-state lithium batteries are reviewed in detail. The structure, cathode preparation methods, anode modification methods and battery assembly methods of oxide, sulfide and polymer solid electrolyte are summarized and analyzed respectively. Finally, some suggestions on the laboratory development and assembly methods of all solid state lithium batteries are given. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Understanding and performance prediction of ions-intercalation electrochemistry： From crystal field theory to ligand field theory Da WANG, Hang ZHOU, Yao JIAO, Jiamin WANG, Wei SHI, Bowei PU, Mingqing LI, Fanghua NING, Yuan REN, Jia YU, Yajie LI, Biao LI, Siqi SHI Energy Storage Science and Technology    2022, 11 (2): 409-433.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0652 Abstract （1253）   HTML （306）    PDF（pc） （14919KB）（1288）       Knowledge map    Save The ligand field theory, which combines the electrostatic interaction of crystal fields and the covalent interaction of molecular orbitals, was first proposed in 1952. It has become the basis for studying many physical/chemical problems in thermodynamic, geological, mineralogical and electrochemical systems, such as structural distortion, thermodynamic properties and magnetism. Among them, for the rapidly developing mono-/poly-valent metal-ion batteries field, the electrode materials used are primarily transition metal (TM) compounds containing d electrons. However, the understanding of the regulation of microstructural/electronic performances with different coordination fields, such as ion-?(de)intercalating voltage, specific capacity and phase structure stability is still incompletely understood. In this paper, by combining the ligand field theory method and first-principles calculations (FP/DFT) that can directly obtain the system electronic distribution/occupancy, the Fermi level calculation model that determines the ions-intercalation voltage, the crystal field stabilization energy formula that measures the phase stability, and the theoretical model for regulating anionic redox activity are rigorously deduced. On this basis, we propose a series of electrodes energy-density/phase-stability improvement strategies, viz., voltage regulation of rigid band system and phase stabilization prediction of TM-containing electrodes with different TM period. Finally, two new cathodes, the TM-free Li(Na)BCF2/Li(Na)B2C2F2 and the lithium-free intercalation-type MX2 are successfully designed. This work expands the application of ligand field theory in ions-intercalation electrochemistry and opens up a new avenue for designing high-energy-density ions-intercalation electrode materials through electronic band structure regulation engineering. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Electrochemical and thermal behavior simulation experiments based on multiscale lithium ion batteries ZHANG Zhichao, ZHENG Lili, DU Guangchao, DAI Zuoqiang, ZHANG Hongsheng Energy Storage Science and Technology    2020, 9 (1): 124-130.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2019.0185 Abstract （716）   HTML （34）    PDF（pc） （983KB）（749）       Knowledge map    Save The stacked lithium-ion batteries comprise many identical electrode-cell combinations. The internal physicochemical properties of each electrode significantly affect the battery performance. However, these properties are difficult to be experimentally measured. In this study, a three-dimensional electrochemical-thermal coupling model is proposed by coupling the mass, charge, energy, and electrochemical kinetic equations. The time-space distribution of the electrochemical behavior and thermal properties of a stacked lithium-ion battery is studied. The simulation results denote that during the discharge process, a significant distribution gradient can be observed between the potential distribution and the current density distribution with respect to the connection between the pole and plate; furthermore, the current density is the highest at the positive pole, the increase in temperature is the highest, and the increase in temperature is reached at the end of discharge. The maximum temperature is 8 °C. The rate of increase in temperature differs at different positions of the battery. In the early discharge stage, the rate of increase in temperature is higher near the ear area and lower away from the ear; as the discharge process is deeper, the rate of increase in temperature increases away from the ear. The model established in this study can accurately predict the electrochemical behavior and temperature field distribution inside a lithium-ion battery, which will help to provide a relevant basis for subsequent structural optimization and thermal management of the batteries. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on failure of lithium-ion batteries under different service conditions Yalu HAN, Yige CHEN, Huifang DI, Jiehuan LIN, Zhenbing WANG, Yang ZHANG, Fangyuan SU, Chengmeng CHEN Energy Storage Science and Technology    2024, 13 (4): 1338-1349.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0655 Abstract （152）   HTML （33）    PDF（pc） （10166KB）（75）       Knowledge map    Save Lithium-ion batteries are susceptible to failure during extended use, manifesting as increased internal resistance, capacity decay, lithium plating, and gas generation, among other issues. The challenge of monitoring these failure processes can significantly compromise the safety, reliability, and lifespan of these batteries. Investigating the causes of battery failure under various service conditions, such as calendar aging, extensive cycling, and floating charge, is crucial for understanding the failure mechanisms and effectively monitoring the battery's health and lifespan. This paper reviews existing research on battery failure under different conditions and summarizes the failure mechanisms within the internal components of lithium-ion batteries-cathode, anode, separator, and electrolyte-under various temperature, voltage, and state of charge conditions. It highlights the effects of voltage and temperature on calendar aging, models of failure due to calendar aging, alterations in cathode and anode materials after prolonged cycling, failure mechanisms following high-temperature float charging, and the mechanisms of battery gas generation. Additionally, it proposes targeted optimization strategies for anode materials, separators, electrolytes, and cathode materials in lithium batteries. Comprehensive analysis indicates that failure in lithium-ion batteries can result from lithium loss in electrodes, active material loss, particle breakdown, transition metal dissolution, and solid electrolyte interface decomposition. By minimizing particle size, incorporating electrolyte film-forming additives, and enhancing separator permeability, the failure rate of lithium-ion batteries during long-term service can be reduced, ensuring their safe and stable operation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of COMSOL multiphysics in lithium-ion batteries Xiaolei LI, Jian GAO, Weidong ZHOU, Hong LI Energy Storage Science and Technology    2024, 13 (2): 546-567.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0577 Abstract （222）   HTML （74）    PDF（pc） （12269KB）（198）       Knowledge map    Save As a promising energy storage system, Li-ion batteries require continuous improvements in terms of energy density, power density, reliability, and cyclic stability to meet the growing demands of large-scale energy storage, electric vehicles, and portable electronic equipment. Despite the abundance of frontier issues related to multiphysics investigations, experimental work is still challenging. However, the synergistic improvement in the conductivity and safety of electrolytes, optimization of deposition-stripping mechanisms of high-energy anodes, maintenance of cyclic voltage and capacity of high-energy cathodes, interface polarization, and capacity release under high current, and management of thermal runaway under extreme current-temperature-acupuncture conditions exist through the multifield coupling of electrical-chemical-mechanical-thermal effects. COMSOL multiphysics provides a feasible tool for solving the continuity equation coupled with multiple physical fields, considering comprehensive information such as carrier concentration, current density, electrical-chemical potential, temperature, stress/strain, and morphology evolution. This study reviews the application of tools in the electrolytes, anodes, and cathodes of lithium-ion batteries, focusing on the comprehensive influences of multifield coupling on battery performance, the multifield coupling simulation method, and the combination of theoretical, simulation, and experimental characterization. Finally, the multifield and multiscaled issues in theoretical-experimental joint research are prospected. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics