高镍三元锂离子电池热失控及产气特性研究

李嘉鑫; 许铤; 肖秋平

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.1018

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

高镍三元锂离子电池热失控及产气特性研究

储能测试与评价 | 更新时间：2026-04-29

- 高镍三元锂离子电池热失控及产气特性研究
- Research on thermal runaway and gas generation characteristics of high-nickel ternary lithium-ion cells
- 储能科学与技术 2026年15卷第4期页码：1387-1395
- 作者机构：
  
  1.上海化工研究院有限公司
  2.上海化工院检测有限公司
  3.工业和信息化部工业(电池) 产品质量控制和技术评价实验室，上海 200062
- 作者简介：
  
  李嘉鑫（2001—），男，硕士，研究方向为电池安全检测、失效分析，E-mail：ljxin0710@163.com；
  许铤，高级工程师，研究方向为电池安全检测、失效分析与标准制修订，E-mail：xt@ghs.cn。
- 基金信息：
  
  国家科技部重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3009500)
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.1018
  中图分类号： TM 911.3
- 收稿：2025-11-12，
  
  修回：2025-12-30，
  
  纸质出版：2026-04-28
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
李嘉鑫, 许铤, 肖秋平. 高镍三元锂离子电池热失控及产气特性研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(4): 1387-1395.

LI Jiaxin, XU Ting, XIAO Qiuping. Research on thermal runaway and gas generation characteristics of high-nickel ternary lithium-ion cells[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(4): 1387-1395.
李嘉鑫, 许铤, 肖秋平. 高镍三元锂离子电池热失控及产气特性研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(4): 1387-1395. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.1018.

LI Jiaxin, XU Ting, XIAO Qiuping. Research on thermal runaway and gas generation characteristics of high-nickel ternary lithium-ion cells[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(4): 1387-1395. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.1018.

摘要

凭借出色的能量密度，高镍三元锂离子电池逐渐成为高端新能源汽车和未来低空飞行器的主流选择之一。然而，目前高镍三元锂离子电池市占率低，对潜在安全风险研究较少。本研究借助加速量热仪、气相色谱仪和20 L球气体爆炸装置，对不同荷电状态(state of charge，SOC)典型商用NCM811高镍三元锂离子电池热失控过程中的产热、产气行为及气体爆炸特性进行了系统性探究。实验结果显示：随着SOC的增加，电池自发热温度

和热失控起始温度

呈现下降趋势，且热失控孕育时间Δ

也显著缩短，电池热安全性明显降低。此外，SOC越高，电池热失控产气总量也越高；同时，H

和CO等可燃性气体比例也大幅增加，混合气体爆炸下限降低，燃爆风险显著升高。进一步，为量化分析高镍三元锂离子电池的热失控风险，基于热失控本征危害和衍生气体危害，本研究提出了一种综合风险评估模型，对于高镍三元锂离子电池安全设计优化及防护提升具有一定的指导意义。

Abstract

With outstanding energy density

high-nickel NCM ternary lithium-ion cells are gradually becoming mainstream choices for premium electric vehicles and next-generation low-altitude aircraft. Nevertheless

their current market share remains limited

and studies on their latent safety hazards are still scarce. Herein

an accelerating rate calorimeter

a gas chromatography

and a 20-L sphere gas explosion device were combined to systematically investigate heat generation

gas evolution

and gas e

xplosion characteristics of commercial NCM811 lithium-ion cells during thermal runaway at different states of charge (SOC). Results show that both the self-heating onset temperature

and the thermal runaway trigger temperature

decrease with increasing SOC

while the incubation time Δ

between

and

shortens markedly

indicating a pronounced deterioration in thermal safety. Moreover

high SOC increases the total volume of thermal runaway gases and sharply raises the fraction of flammable species such as H

and CO; Consequently

the lower explosive limit of the evolved mixture decreases and explosion risk intensifies. To quantify the overall risk

a comprehensive assessment model that integrates the intrinsic thermal hazard and the secondary gas hazard is proposed. These findings offer practical guidance for safety-oriented design and enhanced protection of high-nickel NCM ternary lithium-ion cells.

关键词

Keywords

references

TEPE B, JABLONSKI S, HESSE H, et al. Lithium-ion battery utilization in various modes of e-transportation[J]. eTransportation, 2023, 18: 100274. DOI:10.1016/j.etran.2023.100274.

赵丽维, 王粤, 王海波, 等. 2023年中国电池市场分析[J]. 电池, 2024, 54(1): 9-13. DOI:10.19535/j.1001-1579.2024.01.003.

ZHAO L W, WANG Y, WANG H B, et al. Analysis of China's battery market in 2023[J]. Battery Bimonthly, 2024, 54(1): 9-13. DOI:10.19535/j.1001-1579.2024.01.003.

顾正建, 陶倩艺, 杨智皋, 等. 磷酸铁锂与三元锂离子电池加热下的热失控行为[J]. 电池, 2024, 54(4): 513-518.

GU Z J, TAO Q Y, YANG Z G, et al. Thermal runaway behavior of LiFePO 4 and ternary Li-ion batteries under heating[J ] . Battery Bimonthly, 2024, 54(4): 513-518.

孙建丹, 汪红辉, 储德韧, 等. 不同荷电状态三元锂离子电池热失控动力学研究[J]. 电源技术, 2023, 47(8): 1040-1045. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2023.08.016.

SUN J D, WANG H H, CHU D R, et al. Kinetic study of thermal runaway behaviors of lithium-ion batteries with different SOCs[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2023, 47(8): 1040-1045. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2023.08.016.

WANG H B, DU Z M, RUI X Y, et al. A comparative analysis on thermal runaway behavior of Li(Ni x Co y Mn z )O 2 battery with different nickel contents at cell and module level[J ] . Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2020, 393: 122361. DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat. 2020.122361.

JIA L Z, WANG D, YIN T, et al. Experimental study on thermal-induced runaway in high nickel ternary batteries[J]. ACS Omega, 2022, 7(17): 14562-14570.

JIANG K, GU P W, HUANG P, et al. The hazards analysis of nickel-rich lithium-ion battery thermal runaway under different states of charge[J]. Electronics, 2021, 10(19): 2376. DOI:10.3390/electronics10192376.

QI C, LIU Z Y, LIN C J, et al. The gas production characteristics and catastrophic hazards evaluation of thermal runaway for LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 lithium-ion batteries under different SOCs[J ] . Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 88: 111678. DOI:10.1016/j.est. 2024.111678.

YUAN L M, DUBANIEWICZ T, ZLOCHOWER I, et al. Experimental study on thermal runaway and vented gases of lithium-ion cells[J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2020, 144: 186-192. DOI:10.1016/j.psep.2020.07.028.

WANG H B, XU H, ZHANG Z L, et al. Fire and explosion characteristics of vent gas from lithium-ion batteries after thermal runaway: A comparative study[J]. eTransportation, 2022, 13: 100190. DOI:10.1016/j.etran.2022.100190.

ZHANG Q S, NIU J H, ZHAO Z H, et al. Research on the effect of thermal runaway gas components and explosion limits of lithium-ion batteries under different charge states[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, 45: 103759. DOI:10.1016/j.est.2021.103759.

储德韧, 孙建丹, 汪红辉, 等. 高温循环对三元锂离子电池热安全性的影响研究[J]. 电源技术, 2024, 48(9): 1730-1737. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2024.09.011.

CHU D R, SUN J D, WANG H H, et al. Thermal safety of NCM lithium ion batteries under high temperature cycling[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2024, 48(9): 1730-1737. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2024.09.011.

FLEISCHHAMMER M, WALDMANN T, BISLE G, et al. Interaction of cyclic ageing at high-rate and low temperatures and safety in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 274: 432-439. DOI:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.08.135.

WANG Q S, PING P, ZHAO X J, et al. Thermal runaway caused fire and explosion of lithium ion battery[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2012, 208: 210-224. DOI:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012. 02.038.

FENG X N, OUYANG M G, LIU X, et al. Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles: A review[J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2018, 10: 246-267. DOI:10.1016/j.ensm.2017.05.013.

LI H, KONG X B, LIU C Y, et al. Study on thermal stability of nickel-rich/silicon-graphite large capacity lithium ion battery[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019, 161: 114144. DOI:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114144.

WANG Z, ZHU L, LIU J W, et al. Gas sensing technology for the detection and early warning of battery thermal runaway: A review[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2022, 36(12): 6038-6057. DOI:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c01121.

WANG H Y, TANG A D, HUANG K L. Oxygen evolution in overcharged Li x Ni 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 electrode and its thermal analysis kinetics[J ] . Chinese Journal of Chemistry, 2011, 29(8): 1583-1588. DOI:10.1002/cjoc.201180284.

郭超超, 张青松. 锂离子电池热解气体爆炸极限测定及其危险性分析[J]. 中国安全生产科学技术, 2016, 12(9): 46-49. DOI:10.11731/j.issn.1673-193x.2016.09.008.

GUO C C, ZHANG Q S. Determination on explosion limit of pyrolysis gas released by lithium-ion battery and its risk analysis[J]. Journal of Safety Science and Technology, 2016, 12(9): 46-49. DOI:10.11731/j.issn.1673-193x.2016.09.008.

浏览量

下载量

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

提交

工具集

关联资源

新能源锂离子电池热失控性能研究

半固态与液态电解质大容量电池热失控产热产气特征对比

高稳定性锂金属负极设计与开发