Data-driven direct ink writing 3D printing: Microstructure regulation and kinetic optimization for thick-electrode supercapacitors

WANG Jiabo; WANG Xianchao; ZHANG Tong; LIU Rongming; ZHANG Ruichuan; SONG Yadan; XU Maowen; MU Xing; LIU Yijun

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0267

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Data-driven direct ink writing 3D printing: Microstructure regulation and kinetic optimization for thick-electrode supercapacitors

Special Issue of Key Materials and Devices of Supercapacitors | 更新时间：2026-07-01

- Data-driven direct ink writing 3D printing: Microstructure regulation and kinetic optimization for thick-electrode supercapacitors
- Energy Storage Science and Technology Vol. 15, Issue 5, Pages: 1748-1761(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.西南大学材料与能源学院
  2.电池材料与技术重庆市重点实验室，重庆 400715
  2.重庆纳星科技有限公司，重庆 400025
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0267
  CLC： TM 535.1
- Received：30 March 2026，
  
  Revised：2026-04-23，
  
  Published：28 May 2026
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
王嘉博, 王先超, 张桐, 等. 数据驱动的直写式3D打印:超级电容器厚电极的微观结构调控与动力学优化[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(5): 1748-1761.

WANG Jiabo, WANG Xianchao, ZHANG Tong, et al. Data-driven direct ink writing 3D printing: Microstructure regulation and kinetic optimization for thick-electrode supercapacitors[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(5): 1748-1761.
王嘉博, 王先超, 张桐, 等. 数据驱动的直写式3D打印:超级电容器厚电极的微观结构调控与动力学优化[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(5): 1748-1761. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0267.

WANG Jiabo, WANG Xianchao, ZHANG Tong, et al. Data-driven direct ink writing 3D printing: Microstructure regulation and kinetic optimization for thick-electrode supercapacitors[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(5): 1748-1761. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0267.

摘要

超级电容器需兼顾高能量密度与高功率密度，以适配可穿戴、便携式电子设备及微机电系统的供能要求。高活性物质负载量（

10 mg/cm

）下维持快速离子传输动力学，是当前厚电极制造的核心难题。直写式3D打印（direct ink writing，DIW）可精准构筑垂直低曲折孔道与分级多孔结构，为缓解厚电极离子传输动力学瓶颈提供了有效途径。针对DIW过程中墨水流变与多场耦合的复杂性，融合机器学习的数据驱动方法，可为墨水筛选与电极结构优化提供高效支撑。本文系统综述了DIW技术在超级电容器领域的研究进展，阐述了MXene、石墨烯等高浓度电容型墨水的流变学准则与剪切诱导取向机制，探讨了机器学习在构建“工艺-结构-性能”定量关系、电极拓扑逆向设计中的应用，分析了3D打印在超厚电极构筑、二维材料堆叠抑制、高深宽比微型超级电容器制备中的技术优势。最后归纳了该领域在制造精度、数据标准化、多材料界面集成等方面的现存挑战，并对经验式研发向数据驱动智能制造的转型方向进行了探讨。

Abstract

Supercapacitors must achieve both high energy density and high power density to meet the power supply demands of wearable and portable electronic devices as well as microelectromechanical systems. Maintaining fast ion transport kinetics under high active-material mass loadings (

10 mg/cm

) remains a central challenge in the fabrication of thick electrodes. Direct ink writing (DIW)

a three-dime

nsional printing technique

enables the precise construction of vertically aligned

low-tortuosity channels and hierarchical porous structures

offering an effective route to alleviate ion transport limitations in thick electrodes. Given the complexity of ink rheology and the multifield coupling involved in DIW processes

data-driven approaches integrating machine learning provide efficient support for ink screening and electrode structure optimization. This review systematically outlines recent progress in DIW technology for supercapacitor applications. It elaborates on the rheological requirements and shear-induced orientation mechanisms of high-concentration capacitive inks based on MXene

graphene

and related materials. The application of machine learning to establish quantitative "process-structure-performance" correlations and to enable the inverse design of electrode topologies is also discussed. The technical advantages of 3D printing in constructing ultrathick electrodes

suppressing restacking of two-dimensional materials

and fabricating high-aspect-ratio microsupercapacitors are analyzed. Finally

current challenges in this field

including manufacturing precision

data standardization

and integration of multimaterial interfaces

are summarized

and the paradigm shift from experience-driven development to data-driven intelligent manufacturing is highlighted.

关键词

Keywords

references

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