Pulse discharge performance and failure mechanism of capacitor-type lithium-ion batteries

QI Yuze; SHAO Di; WEI Yijia; WANG Jie; LAI Qingxue; DING Bing; ZHANG Xiaogang

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0254

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Pulse discharge performance and failure mechanism of capacitor-type lithium-ion batteries

Special Issue of Key Materials and Devices of Supercapacitors | 更新时间：2026-07-01

- Pulse discharge performance and failure mechanism of capacitor-type lithium-ion batteries
- Energy Storage Science and Technology Vol. 15, Issue 5, Pages: 1573-1580(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.南京航空航天大学，江苏省高效电化学储能技术重点实验室，江苏南京 210000
  2.河海大学，环境学院浅水湖泊综合治理与资源开发教育部重点实验室，江苏南京 210024
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0254
  CLC： TM 911
- Received：28 March 2026，
  
  Revised：2026-04-22，
  
  Published：28 May 2026
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
齐玉泽, 邵笛, 魏亦佳, 等. 电容型锂离子电池脉冲放电性能及其失效机理分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(5): 1573-1580.

QI Yuze, SHAO Di, WEI Yijia, et al. Pulse discharge performance and failure mechanism of capacitor-type lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(5): 1573-1580.
齐玉泽, 邵笛, 魏亦佳, 等. 电容型锂离子电池脉冲放电性能及其失效机理分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(5): 1573-1580. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0254.

QI Yuze, SHAO Di, WEI Yijia, et al. Pulse discharge performance and failure mechanism of capacitor-type lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(5): 1573-1580. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0254.

摘要

电容型锂离子电池在智能电网、电磁能装备、人工智能数据中心电源等领域的应用需求日益增长，然而高倍率条件下容量快速衰减的问题制约其进一步发展。本文以正极LiNi

1/3

（NCM333）、负极硬碳（HC）的电容型电池为研究对象，系统探究其在高功率条件下的失效机理。测试结果表明，电容型电池在14 C的高电流密度下仍具有较高的放电容量，且在10 C、40%放电深度（DoD）的浅充浅放条件下经40000圈循环后，容量保持率仍在90%以上。然而，在1 C充电、10C放电、100%DoD的高功率工况后，电容型电池200圈循环后容量保持率仅为75%。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）以及电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP-OES）等手段，对循环前后极片的结构、形貌、表面化学态及元素分布进行了表征。研究结果表明，高功率循环导致正极颗粒发生破裂，NCM333层状结构发生了不可逆膨胀。循环后负极片上检出明显的Ni、Co、Mn元素，证实了NCM333中过渡金属从正极溶出、跨隔膜迁移并沉积在负极的全过程。本研究揭示了NCM333||HC电容型电池在高功率条件下的失效机理，为后续电容型锂离子电池的优化提供了方向。

Abstract

Capacitor-type lithium-ion batteries are attracting increasing interest for applications such as smart grids

electromagnetic energy systems

and power supplies for artificial intelligence data center. However

rapid capacity degradation under high-rate conditions remains a critical limitation to their further development. Herein

a capacitor-type battery using LiNi

1/3

(NCM333) as the cathode and hard carbon (HC) as the anode (NCM333||HC) is systematically investigated to elucidate its failure mechanisms under high-power conditions. The results demonstrate that the capacitor-type battery maintains a high discharge capacity even at a current rate of 14 C. Under shallow charge-discharge conditions of 10 C and 40% depth of discharge (DoD)

the capacity retention remains above 90% after 40000 cycles. By contrast

under high-power operating conditions involving 1 C charging

10 C discharging

and 100% DoD

the capacity retention decreases only to 75% after 200 cycles. The structure

morphology

surface chemical states

and elemental distribution of the electrodes before and after cycling were characterized using scanning electron microscopy

X-ra

y photoelectron spectroscopy

and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The results indicate that high-power cycling causes cracking of the cathode particles and irreversible expansion of the layered NCM333 structure. After cycling

and Mn are detected on the anode

confirming the dissolution of transition metals from the cathode

their migration across the separator

and subsequent deposition on the anode. This study elucidates the failure mechanisms of the NCM333||HC capacitor-type battery under high-power conditions and provides insights for the future optimization of capacitor-type lithium-ion batteries.

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references

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