Pre-lithiation technology for lithium-ion capacitors: Current status, limitations, and prospects

SUN Shuting; LIU Chuang; LIU Rui; ZHU Zengli; ZHENG Junsheng

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0238

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Pre-lithiation technology for lithium-ion capacitors: Current status, limitations, and prospects

Special Issue of Key Materials and Devices of Supercapacitors | 更新时间：2026-07-01

- Pre-lithiation technology for lithium-ion capacitors: Current status, limitations, and prospects
- Energy Storage Science and Technology Vol. 15, Issue 5, Pages: 1812-1823(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.同济大学汽车与能源学院，同济大学新能源汽车工程中心，上海 201804
  2.安徽开阳科技有限公司，安徽芜湖 241000
  3.奇瑞汽车股份有限公司，安徽芜湖 241000
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0238
  CLC： TM 538
- Received：25 March 2026，
  
  Revised：2026-04-13，
  
  Published：28 May 2026
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
孙淑婷, 刘闯, 刘瑞, 等. 锂离子电容器预锂化技术:现状、局限与展望[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(5): 1812-1823.

SUN Shuting, LIU Chuang, LIU Rui, et al. Pre-lithiation technology for lithium-ion capacitors: Current status, limitations, and prospects[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(5): 1812-1823.
孙淑婷, 刘闯, 刘瑞, 等. 锂离子电容器预锂化技术:现状、局限与展望[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(5): 1812-1823. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0238.

SUN Shuting, LIU Chuang, LIU Rui, et al. Pre-lithiation technology for lithium-ion capacitors: Current status, limitations, and prospects[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(5): 1812-1823. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0238.

摘要

锂离子电容器兼具高能量密度与高功率密度优势，在电网调频、数据中心功率补偿等场景中极具应用潜力。但其负极在循环过程中固态电解质界面的形成和不可逆嵌锂行为，会造成大量活性锂损耗，严重影响器件性能。预锂化是解决这一瓶颈的关键技术，但深度预锂化引发的“不可逆锂”生成与固态电解质界面失效，使器件高能量密度与长循环寿命难以兼顾。本文系统梳理了预锂化在补偿初始锂损失、构建锂源储备和拓宽电压窗口三方面的核心作用，分析了深度预锂化条件下“不可逆锂”的生成机理与固态电解质界面“自加速”失效机制，重点对比了直接接触、电化学、化学及正极预锂化4种技术路径，指出各类方法在应对“高补锂量-界面稳定性”核心矛盾时的固有局限。评述了当前在参数调控、界面修饰及界面组成优化方面的研究进展，认为现有策略尚未从热力学与动力学源头解决“不可逆锂”生成这一问题。最后，提出未来应聚焦“不可逆锂”源头规避、层级结构界面可控制备以及工艺工程化适配三个方向，以期为高性能锂离子电容器的设计提供参考。

Abstract

Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) combine high energy density and high power density

demonstrating considerable potential for several applications such as grid frequency regulation and power compensation for data centers. However

the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and irreversible lithium insertion into the anode during cycling lead to substantial consumption of active lithium

considerably reducing the device performance. Prelithiation is considered a key strategy to address this problem; nevertheless

deep prelithiation induces "irreversible lithium" formation and SEI degradation. Thus

it is challenging to simultaneously achieve high energy density and long cycle life. This review systematically analyzes the critical roles of prelithiation in compensating for the initial lithium loss

constructing lithium reservoirs

and widening the operating voltage window

and it reveals the generation mechanism of "irreversible lithium" under deep prelithiation conditions as well as the SEI "self-accelerating" failure mechanism. In addition

four representative prelithiation strategies

i.e.

direct-contact

electrochemical

chemical

and cathode prelithiation

are comparatively evaluated. The inherent limitations of these strategies in addressing the fundamental trade-off between high lithium compensation and interfacial stability are also discussed. Moreover

Recent advances in parameter regulation

interfacial modification

and interphase composition optimization are summarized. The study indicates that

from thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives

the existing strategies have not yet fundamentally resolved the formation of "irreversible lithium." Finally

future research directions

including "irreversible lithium" mitigation at its origin

controllable fabrication of hierarchical interfacial structures

and enhancement of the compatibility with scalable engineering processes

are proposed to guide the design of high-performance LICs.

关键词

Keywords

references

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