To address the inherent limitations of supercapacitors in terms of energy density

voltage characteristics

and self-discharge

this study investigates the topology of hybrid power systems that combine supercapacitors with lithium-ion batteries. The aim is to enhance overall system performance by leveraging the complementary advantages of both components

thereby achieving synergistic optimization of energy and power performance to meet the demands of complex operating conditions

such as high-power pulses and frequent cycling. The study is based on physical models of supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. Initially

a theoretical analysis was conducted to compare their output characteristics

focusing on key parameters such as internal resistance

voltage platforms

and discharge curves. Five hybrid power system topologies integrating supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries were systematically constructed and simulated

including a direct parallel connection

as well as parallel connections

via

an inductor

a

resistor

a DC/DC converter

and a bidirectional DC/DC converter. By establishing a simulation platform and setting pulse load conditions

a quantitative comparative analysis was performed to evaluate the dynamic response of the bus voltage under different topologies

the current distribution characteristics between the supercapacitor and the lithium-ion battery

and the energy utilization efficiency of the supercapacitor. Results indicate that the hybrid power system effectively enhances the pulse power capability of the system and extends the lifespan of the lithium-ion battery. Among the five topologies

the direct parallel and resistor-parallel configurations are structurally simple

with a pulse current distribution inversely proportional to the internal resistances of the two energy storage components. However

they suffer from significant bus voltage drops and limited utilization of the supercapacitor. The inductor-parallel topology can suppress the discharge current of the lithium-ion battery

but the inductor introduces overvoltage spikes on the bus. The DC/DC parallel topology allows precise limitation of the lithium-ion battery's output current and improves supercapacitor utilization

while the bidirectional DC/DC parallel topology optimally controls the bus voltage drop but imposes higher demands on the dynamic response performance of the bidirectional DC/DC converter. Through theoretical analysis and simulation

this study systematically evaluates the working principles and performance characteristics of different hybrid power system topologies. The study provides a solid theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the selection and optimal design of supercapacitor-lithium-ion battery hybrid power systems tailored to different application scenarios.