Effects of capacity and parallel configuration on overheating-induced thermal runaway characteristics of layered oxide sodium-ion batteries

CHEN Linyu; LI Na; ZHOU Qulan; WU Chenyang; HE Yueyang; LIU Yanan; ZHANG Shiqian

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0092

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Effects of capacity and parallel configuration on overheating-induced thermal runaway characteristics of layered oxide sodium-ion batteries

Energy Storage Test\: Methods and Evaluation | 更新时间：2026-07-28

- Effects of capacity and parallel configuration on overheating-induced thermal runaway characteristics of layered oxide sodium-ion batteries
- Energy Storage Science and Technology Vol. 15, Issue 7, Pages: 2734-2749(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院，陕西西安 710049
  2.中国建筑第八工程局有限公司，上海 200122
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0092
  CLC： TQ 911
- Received：28 January 2026，
  
  Revised：2026-04-22，
  
  Online First：28 July 2026，
  
  Published：28 July 2026
- 稿件说明：
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陈霖宇, 李娜, 周屈兰, 等. 容量与并联组合方式对层状氧化物钠离子电池过热热失控特性影响研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(7): 2734-2749.

CHEN Linyu, LI Na, ZHOU Qulan, et al. Effects of capacity and parallel configuration on overheating-induced thermal runaway characteristics of layered oxide sodium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(7): 2734-2749.
陈霖宇, 李娜, 周屈兰, 等. 容量与并联组合方式对层状氧化物钠离子电池过热热失控特性影响研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(7): 2734-2749. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0092.

CHEN Linyu, LI Na, ZHOU Qulan, et al. Effects of capacity and parallel configuration on overheating-induced thermal runaway characteristics of layered oxide sodium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(7): 2734-2749. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0092.

摘要

钠离子电池因其成本和资源优势，被视为储能场景的理想技术，但热失控风险仍是其应用的核心瓶颈之一。本研究选取75 Ah、210 Ah方形铝壳层状氧化物钠离子单体电池及3块75 Ah并联的等效容量电池为研究对象，系统探究了容量与并联组合方式对电池过热热失控特性的影响。结果表明，210 Ah单体电池的热失控起始温度为276.0℃，相较于75 Ah的266.5℃有提升，大容量单体电池呈现更强的热耐受性。其最高温度由75 Ah的609.3℃升至946.3℃，内蔓延速率由1.365 mm/s增至1.553 mm/s，表观产气量增至75 Ah的4.3倍，而最大温升速率则由75 Ah的2349℃/min降至1386℃/min。两种容量单体电池的产气均呈现出显著可燃性，但均未发生喷气燃烧。并联等效容量电池则表现为逐级触发且末端恶化的热失控特征，前段电池热失控可持续加热后段电池，并由前段电池的顶盖材料燃烧火焰点燃末端电池喷气，形成强射流燃烧，最大放热速率达77.754 kW；其产气规模与210 Ah单体电池接近，但组分特征由单体电池产气的富氢转向富二氧化碳。综合危害评估结果显示，并联等效容量电池危害最高，其次为210 Ah单体电池，75 Ah单体电池最低。研究结果表明，容量主要影响单体电池热失控的触发门槛与危害强度，而并联组合方式则显著改变热失控演化路径并放大燃烧危害。研究结果可为钠离子电池储能系统的安全设计与应用提供数据支撑。

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries are regarded as an ideal technology for energy-storage applications because of their cost and resource advantages. However

the risk of thermal runaway remains a major bottleneck to their deployment. This study investigates 75 Ah and 210 Ah prismatic aluminum-cased

layered-oxide

sodium-ion single cells

along with an equivalent-capacity pack formed by connecting three 75 Ah cells in parallel

aiming to clarify the effects of the cell capacity and parallel configuration on overheating-induced thermal runaway under external one-sided heating. The onset temperature for thermal runaway increases from 266.5℃ for the 75 Ah cell to 276.0℃ for the 210 Ah cell

indicating that the larger-capacity cell exhibits greater tolerance to external heating. The maximum temperature increases from 609.3 to 946.3℃

the internal propagation rate increases from 1.365 to 1.553 mm/s

and the apparent gas yield is 4.3 times higher than that of the 75 Ah cell

whereas the maximum rate of temperature-rise decreases from 2349℃/min for the 75 Ah cell to 1386℃/min for the 210 Ah cell. The gases released from both single cells are highly flammable

but no jet-fire combustion occurs. In contrast

the equivalent-capacity parallel pack exhibits stepwise triggering and progressively more severe thermal runaway. Thermal runaway of the preceding cells continuously heats the subsequent cells

and the vent jet of the last cell is ignited by flames from the cover materials of the preceding cells

resulting in intense jet combustion

with a peak heat-release rate of 77.754 kW. The gas-generation scale is close to that of the 210 Ah single cell

whereas the gas composition shifts from hydrogen-rich to carbon-dioxide-rich. Comprehensive hazard assessment further shows that the equivalent-capacity parallel pack presents the highest hazard

followed sequentially by the 210 Ah and 75 Ah cells. These results indicate that the cell capacity is the main factor triggering the threshold and hazard intensity of thermal runaway in single cells

while the parallel configuration significantly alters the pathway for the evolution of thermal runaway and amplifies the combustion hazard. This study provides useful data for designing and implementing safe energy-storage systems employing sodium-ion batteries.

关键词

Keywords

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