Effects of Capacity and Parallel Configuration on Overheating-Induced Thermal Runaway Characteristics of Layered Oxide Sodium-Ion Batteries

CHEN Linyu; LI Na; ZHOU Qulan; WU Chenyang; HE Yueyang; LIU Yanan; ZHANG Shiqian

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0092

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Effects of Capacity and Parallel Configuration on Overheating-Induced Thermal Runaway Characteristics of Layered Oxide Sodium-Ion Batteries

更新时间：2026-05-11

- Effects of Capacity and Parallel Configuration on Overheating-Induced Thermal Runaway Characteristics of Layered Oxide Sodium-Ion Batteries
- Energy Storage Science and Technology Pages: 1-15(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院，陕西西安 710049
  2.中国建筑第八工程局有限公司，上海 200122
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0092
  CLC： TK 02
- Received：28 January 2026，
  
  Revised：2026-04-22，
  
  Online First：11 May 2026，
- 稿件说明：
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陈霖宇, 李娜, 周屈兰, 等. 容量与并联组合方式对层状氧化物钠离子电池过热热失控特性影响研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, XXXX, XX(XX): 1-15.

CHEN Linyu, LI Na, ZHOU Qulan, et al. Effects of Capacity and Parallel Configuration on Overheating-Induced Thermal Runaway Characteristics of Layered Oxide Sodium-Ion Batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, XXXX, XX(XX): 1-15.
陈霖宇, 李娜, 周屈兰, 等. 容量与并联组合方式对层状氧化物钠离子电池过热热失控特性影响研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, XXXX, XX(XX): 1-15. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0092.

CHEN Linyu, LI Na, ZHOU Qulan, et al. Effects of Capacity and Parallel Configuration on Overheating-Induced Thermal Runaway Characteristics of Layered Oxide Sodium-Ion Batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, XXXX, XX(XX): 1-15. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0092.

摘要

钠离子电池因其成本和资源优势，被视为储能场景的理想技术，但其热失控风险仍是其应用的核心瓶颈之一。本研究选取75 Ah、210 Ah方形铝壳层状氧化物钠离子单体电池及3块75 Ah并联的等效容量电池为研究对象，系统探究了容量和并联组合方式对过热热失控特性的影响。结果表明，210 Ah单体的热失控起始温度由75 Ah的266.5℃升高至276.0℃，大容量单体呈现更强的加热耐受性。其最高温度由75 Ah的609.3℃升至946.3℃，内蔓延速率由1.365 mm/s增至1.553 mm/s，表观产气量增至75 Ah的4.3倍，而最大温升速率则由75 Ah的2349℃/min降至1386℃/min。两种容量单体的产气均呈现显著可燃性，但均未发生喷气燃烧。并联等效容量电池则表现为逐级触发且末端恶化的热失控特征，前序电池热失控可持续加热后续电池，并由前序电池顶盖材料火焰点燃末端电池喷气，形成强射流燃烧，最大放热速率达77.754 kW；其产气规模与210 Ah单体接近，但组分特征由单体产气的富氢转向富二氧化碳。综合危害评估结果显示，并联等效容量电池危害最高，其次为210 Ah单体，75 Ah单体最低。研究结果表明，容量主要影响单体热失控触发门槛与危害强度，而并联组合方式则显著改变热失控演化路径并放大燃烧危害，可为钠离子电池储能系统的安全设计与应用提供数据支撑。

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries are regarded as an ideal technology for energy-storage applications because of their cost and resource advantages

but the risk of thermal runaway remains a major bottleneck to their deployment. This study investigates 75 Ah and 210 Ah prismatic aluminum-cased layered-oxide sodium-ion single cells

together with an equivalent-capacity pack formed by connecting three 75 Ah cells in parallel

to clarify the effects of cell capacity and parallel configuration on overheating-induced thermal runaway under external one-sided heating. The results show that the thermal runaway onset temperature increases from 266.5℃ for the 75 Ah cell to 276.0 °C for the 210 Ah cell

indicating stronger tolerance to external heating for the larger-capacity cell. Meanwhile

the maximum temperature rises from 609.3 to 946.3℃

the internal propagation rate increases from 1.365 to 1.553 mm/s

and the apparent gas yield becomes 4.3 times that of the 75 Ah cell

whereas the maximum temperature-rise rate decreases from 2349 to 1386℃/min. The gases released from both single cells are highly flammable

but no jet-fire combustion occurs. In contrast

the equivalent-capacity parallel pack exhibits stepwise triggering and progressive aggravation of thermal runaway. Thermal runaway of the preceding cells continuously heats the subsequent cells

and the vent jet of the last cell is ignited by flames from the cover materials of the preceding cells

resulting in intense jet combustion with a peak heat-release rate of 77.754 kW. Its gas-generation scale is close to that of the 210 Ah single cell

whereas the gas composition shifts from hydrogen-rich to carbon-dioxide-rich. Comprehensive hazard assessment further shows that the equivalent-capacity parallel pack presents the highest hazard

followed by the 210 Ah cell and then the 75 Ah cell. These results indicate that cell capacity mainly governs the triggering threshold and hazard intensity of thermal runaway in single cells

while the parallel configuration significantly alters the thermal runaway evolution pathway and amplifies combustion hazard. This work provides useful data to support the safety design and application of sodium-ion battery energy-storage systems.

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