Numerical study on the effects of working fluid and flow rate on thermal runaway suppression in immersion cooling for batteries

FU Meiya; XU Yifeng; WANG Haimin

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0058

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Numerical study on the effects of working fluid and flow rate on thermal runaway suppression in immersion cooling for batteries

更新时间：2026-04-28

- Numerical study on the effects of working fluid and flow rate on thermal runaway suppression in immersion cooling for batteries
- Energy Storage Science and Technology Pages: 1-9(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院，上海 200093
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0058
  CLC： TM 911
- Received：20 January 2026，
  
  Revised：2026-04-27，
  
  Online First：28 April 2026，
- 稿件说明：
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付美娅, 徐一峰, 王海民. 工质和流量对浸没冷却抑制电池热失控影响的数值模拟研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, XXXX, XX(XX): 1-9.

FU Meiya, XU Yifeng, WANG Haimin. Numerical study on the effects of working fluid and flow rate on thermal runaway suppression in immersion cooling for batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, XXXX, XX(XX): 1-9.
付美娅, 徐一峰, 王海民. 工质和流量对浸没冷却抑制电池热失控影响的数值模拟研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, XXXX, XX(XX): 1-9. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0058.

FU Meiya, XU Yifeng, WANG Haimin. Numerical study on the effects of working fluid and flow rate on thermal runaway suppression in immersion cooling for batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, XXXX, XX(XX): 1-9. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0058.

摘要

介电流体具有高的比热容和稳定的绝缘性质，因此浸没式冷却技术广泛用于高性能锂离子电池热管理系统。然而，浸没冷却抑制电池热失控的研究仍较为有限。本文在考虑电化学基础上，建立了一个新颖的热失控-热-流动多物理场耦合的数值模型，用于探究冷却工质和流量对热失控传播抑制的关键作用。通过电池组热失控实测数据验证了模型的可靠性。此外，提出一种评估方法，将热安全性和热管理性能相结合，为系统优化提供了量化依据。评价指标包括热失控触发时间(

)、泵送功耗(

)、流动阻力(

)、努塞尔数(

)和综合性能指数(

PEC

)。最后建立了雷诺数(

)与各评价指标的函数拟合关系，以探究流动换热的一般性规律。结果表明，尽管浸没冷却无法避免已经局部短路(针刺)电芯发生热失控，但有效抑制了热失控的传播。与强制空气对流相比，采用聚α烯烃(PAO)油能够显著延迟热失控在电池模组中的传播。沿热失控传播方向，电芯#2的

延长了94.9%，电芯#3的

延长了45.3%，电芯#4的

延长了42.8%。当

超过9.88时，热失控传播得到有效抑制；在

= 23.04(0.7 g/s)条件下，PAO油实现了显著的温度降低。本研究结果可为浸没式热管理系统设计提供有价值的参考依据。

Abstract

Dielectric fluids possess high specific heat capacity and stable electrical insulation properties

making immersion cooling technology widely used in thermal management systems for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. However

research on the suppression of battery thermal runaway (TR) by immersion cooling remains limited. In this work

a novel multi-physics coupled numerical model integrating TR

thermal

and flow behaviors is developed based on electrochemical fundamentals to investigate the key effects of cooling working fluid and flow rate on TR propagation mitigation. The reliability of the model is validated using experimental data from TR tests on battery packs. Furthermore

an evaluation methodology is proposed that combines thermal safety and thermal management performance

providing a quantitative basis for system optimization. The evaluation metrics include TR trigger time (t

)

pumping power (P)

flow resistance (f)

Nusselt number (Nu)

and comprehensive performance index (PEC). Finally

functional fitting relationships between the Reynolds number (Re) and each evaluation metric are established to explore general principles of flow and heat transfer. The results indicate that although immersion cooling cannot prevent TR in cells already subjected to local short-circuit (nail penetration)

it effectively suppresses TR propagation. Compared with forced air convection

the use of polyalphaolefin (PAO) oil significantly delays the propagation of TR within the battery module. Along the direction of TR propagation

the t

of Cell #2 is extended by 94.9%

that of Cell #3 by 45.3%

and that of Cell #4 by 42.8%. When Re exceeds 9.88

TR propagation is effectively suppressed. At Re = 23.04 (0.7 g/s)

PAO oil achieves a notable temperature reduction. The findings of this study can provide valuable references for the design of immersion cooling thermal management systems.

关键词

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references

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