Energy efficiency analysis of vertical gravity energy storage systems

LUO Xiaoyue; QIU Qingquan; JING Liwei; LIN Yuxin; DONG Li; CHEN Yanqiao; XIAO Liye

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0047

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Energy efficiency analysis of vertical gravity energy storage systems

Energy Storage Test\: Methods and Evaluation | 更新时间：2026-07-13

- Energy efficiency analysis of vertical gravity energy storage systems
- Energy Storage Science and Technology Vol. 15, Issue 6, Pages: 2341-2354(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.中国科学院大学，北京 100049
  2.中国科学院电工研究所，北京 100190
  3.中国科学院长时规模储能重点实验室，北京 100190
  4.齐鲁中科电工先进电磁驱动技术研究院，山东济南 250000
  5.国家能源集团新能源技术研究院有限公司，北京 102211
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0047
  CLC： TK 02;TM 91
- Received：15 January 2026，
  
  Revised：2026-03-02，
  
  Published：28 June 2026
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
罗晓悦, 邱清泉, 靖立伟, 等. 垂直式重力储能系统能效研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(6): 2341-2354.

LUO Xiaoyue, QIU Qingquan, JING Liwei, et al. Energy efficiency analysis of vertical gravity energy storage systems[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(6): 2341-2354.
罗晓悦, 邱清泉, 靖立伟, 等. 垂直式重力储能系统能效研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(6): 2341-2354. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0047.

LUO Xiaoyue, QIU Qingquan, JING Liwei, et al. Energy efficiency analysis of vertical gravity energy storage systems[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(6): 2341-2354. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0047.

摘要

随着垂直式重力储能在长时储能领域的工程化推进，系统能效已成为评价其技术可行性和经济性的关键指标。然而，目前公开研究普遍依赖理论计算或百千克级样机实验，尚缺乏吨级重物的实测验证；同时，规模化重力储能系统中的重物水平转运过程尚未纳入能效评估框架，导致现有结论难以支撑工程化设计需求。为解决上述问题，提出了一种涵盖垂直提升、水平运输全过程的综合能效评估方法，给出了垂直式重力储能机械损耗的统一表达式，进一步深入分析了不同堆场布局对重物水平运输过程能量损失的影响。基于所建模型，搭建了2 t重物、7.5 kW的实验室样机并开展测试；测得系统全过程电-电效率达到68.22%，稳态阶段效率为71.31%，机械损耗在各速度段均占据主导。进一步讨论表明，通过优化轮绳径比，可将系统稳态运行理论循环效率提升至约76%。最后，核算5 MW工程样机能效：多绳缠绕式与多绳摩擦式提升方案的电-电效率可分别达到80.69%和80.74%，其中转运系统损耗在两类系统中均占总损耗的20%以上，机械损耗占总损耗的40%以上，成为后续工程优化的关键对象。本研究弥补了吨级样机实测与水平转运能耗建模方面的不足，为重力储能系统的工程设计、损耗优化与效率提升提供了重要的理论基础和实验依据。

Abstract

The engineering advancement of vertical gravity energy storage systems (VGES) for long-duration energy storage makes system efficiency a key indicator of their technical feasibility and economic viability. However

extant studies predominantly depend on theoretical calculations or sub-ton laboratory prototypes

and experimental validation with ton-scale weights remains conspicuously absent. Furthermore

the horizontal transport of masses

a critical component in large-scale gravity energy storage systems

has not yet been integrated into prevailing efficiency evaluation frameworks. This limitation restricts the frameworks' practical application to engineering design. To address these issues

this paper proposes a comprehensive energy-efficiency evaluation method that covers the entire process of vertical lifting and horizontal transportation. A unified representation of mechanical losses in the vertical gravity energy storage system is established

and the impacts of different yard layout configurations on energy losses during horizontal payload transportation are investigated in depth.In accordance with the proposed model

a laboratory prototype was constructed and tested. The prototype had a weight of 2 tons and a drive system with a power output of 7.5 kW. The measured round-trip electrical-to-electrical efficiency reaches 68.22%

with a steady-state efficiency of 71.31%. Mechanical losses dominate across all operating speeds. Subsequent analysis indicates that optimizing the rope-to-sheave diameter ratio can enhance the theoretical cycle efficiency to approximately 76%. Finally

the efficiency of a 5 MW engineering-scale system is evaluated. The multi-rope winding and multi-rope friction lifting schemes can achieve electrical-to-electrical efficiencies of 80.69% and 80.74%

respectively. In these systems

horizontal transport accounts for approximately 20% of total losses

while mechanical losses exceed 40% and remain the primary target for engineering optimization. This study addresses significant gaps in the field of ton-scale experimental validation and horizontal transport energy modeling. It provides essential theoretical foundations and experimental evidence for the engineering design

loss reduction

and efficiency enhancement of vertical gravity energy storage systems.

关键词

Keywords

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