eat and gas generation mechanisms at different stages of thermal runaway in square-shell lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion batteries

ZENG Chuihui; WU Jun; GAN Yan; LI Baolei; SUN Xiangde; FANG Yaqi; CHEN Nuo

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0036

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eat and gas generation mechanisms at different stages of thermal runaway in square-shell lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion batteries

Energy Storage Test\: Methods and Evaluation | 更新时间：2026-07-13

- eat and gas generation mechanisms at different stages of thermal runaway in square-shell lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion batteries
- Energy Storage Science and Technology Vol. 15, Issue 6, Pages: 2395-2404(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.国家电网有限公司华中分部，湖北武汉 430077
  2.湖北工业大学新能源及电网装备安全监测湖北省工程研究中心，湖北武汉 430068
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0036
  CLC： TK 02
- Received：13 January 2026，
  
  Revised：2026-03-06，
  
  Published：28 June 2026
- 稿件说明：
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曾垂辉, 吴军, 甘艳, 等. 方壳磷酸铁锂锂离子电池热失控不同阶段产热产气机理[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(6): 2395-2404.

ZENG Chuihui, WU Jun, GAN Yan, et al. eat and gas generation mechanisms at different stages of thermal runaway in square-shell lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(6): 2395-2404.
曾垂辉, 吴军, 甘艳, 等. 方壳磷酸铁锂锂离子电池热失控不同阶段产热产气机理[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(6): 2395-2404. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0036.

ZENG Chuihui, WU Jun, GAN Yan, et al. eat and gas generation mechanisms at different stages of thermal runaway in square-shell lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(6): 2395-2404. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0036.

摘要

锂离子电池凭借其高能量密度与长循环寿命，成为目前应用最为广泛的储能介质，在储能系统中占据主导地位。但其内部具有复杂的物理化学体系，由电池热积聚引起的安全问题不容忽视。为了更好地提升电池储能系统的安全可靠性，为储能安全预警系统提供早期预警阈值，有必要研究电池热失控过程中温度、电压、产气及安全阀动作等关键节点的行为特征，并对电池热失控过程中产生的各组分气体展开机理性分析。以22 Ah磷酸铁锂硬壳电池为研究对象，搭建了电池热失控多功能实验平台，探究了电池在外部加热及典型SOC（0% SOC、25% SOC、50% SOC、75% SOC、100% SOC）（state of charge）工况下的热失控产热产气特性。研究结果表明：随着电池SOC从25%增加到100%，电池热失控时间依次提前了47 s、29 s、207 s，热失控程度也更加剧烈，最高温度依次增加了20.4℃、32.6℃、66.8℃；从安全阀喷阀到电池热失控的时间也逐渐缩短；此外，通过在实验过程中多次采集气体发现，产气总浓度从3879.22 μL/L（25% SOC）增加到39260.14 μL/L（100% SOC），增加了912.06%；在相同SOC下，随着热失控的发展，H

占比呈下降趋势，CO

、CO和烃类化合物占比均呈上升趋势；电池在热失控阶段，随着SOC从25%增加到75%，H

占比显著提升，CO

占比则明显降低；高水平SOC下电池热失控产生的可燃气体明显多于低水平SOC电池。本研究为储能系统安全设计提供参考价值，对提升储能系统的安全可靠性具有一定的指导作用。

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries have become the most widely used energy storage medium due to their high energy density and long cycle life. However

these systems' intricate physicochemical processes introduce safety concerns related to thermal runaway

which cannot be disregarded. In order to enhance the safety and reliability of battery energy storage systems and establish early warning thresholds for energy storage safety monitoring systems

it is essential to investigate the behavioral characteristics of critical parameters. These parameters include temperature

voltage

gas evolution

and safety valve activation during battery thermal runaway. Furthermore

a mechanistic analysis of the various gases produced during this process is necessary. This study investigates the heat and gas generation characteristics of a 22 Ah lithium iron phosphate hard-case battery during thermal runaway under external heating and typical SOC conditions (0%

25%

50%

75%

100%). A multifunctional experimental platform for studying battery thermal runaway was established. The findings of the study indicate that as the battery's state of charge (SOC) increases from 25% to 100%

the onset time of thermal runaway ad

vances by 47 s

29 s

and 207 s

respectively

with an escalating severity of runaway and a maximum temperature increase of 20.4℃

32.6℃

and 66.8℃

respectively. The temporal interval between the activation of the safety valve and the onset of battery thermal runaway gradually diminishes. Furthermore

the analysis of multiple gas samples collected during the experiment revealed an increase in total gas concentration from 3879.22 μL/L (25% SOC) to 39260.14 μL/L (100% SOC)

representing a 912.06% increase. Concurrently

the proportion of H

decreased as thermal runaway progressed

while the proportions of CO

and hydrocarbons increased. During the thermal runaway phase

as the SOC increased from 25% to 75%

a significant increase in the H

proportion was observed

accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the CO

proportion. Furthermore

batteries undergoing thermal runaway at elevated SOC levels exhibited a substantially greater production of combustible gases in comparison to those operating at lower SOC levels. This study offers a valuable reference for the safety design of energy storage systems and provides guidance for enhancing their safety and reliability.

关键词

Keywords

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