Research on the cooling performance of the dynamic immersion liquid cooling system for large-capacity battery modules

PENG Ao; SUN Xiaoqin; PENG Qi; PENG Fei; ZHU Longyun; WANG Zixuan

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.1171

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

Research on the cooling performance of the dynamic immersion liquid cooling system for large-capacity battery modules

Energy Storage System and Engineering | 更新时间：2026-07-13

- Research on the cooling performance of the dynamic immersion liquid cooling system for large-capacity battery modules
- Energy Storage Science and Technology Vol. 15, Issue 6, Pages: 2284-2295(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  长沙理工大学能源与动力工程学院，湖南长沙 410114
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.1171
  CLC： TM 912
- Received：29 December 2025，
  
  Revised：2026-02-05，
  
  Published：28 June 2026
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
彭傲, 孙小琴, 彭启, 等. 大容量电池组动态浸没式液冷系统冷却性能研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(6): 2284-2295.

PENG Ao, SUN Xiaoqin, PENG Qi, et al. Research on the cooling performance of the dynamic immersion liquid cooling system for large-capacity battery modules[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(6): 2284-2295.
彭傲, 孙小琴, 彭启, 等. 大容量电池组动态浸没式液冷系统冷却性能研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(6): 2284-2295. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.1171.

PENG Ao, SUN Xiaoqin, PENG Qi, et al. Research on the cooling performance of the dynamic immersion liquid cooling system for large-capacity battery modules[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(6): 2284-2295. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.1171.

摘要

大容量单体电池在储能行业被广泛运用，但其性能受运行温度显著影响，尤其是快速充放电需求下电池散热性能成为直接影响其应用的关键。本研究提出了一种针对大容量280 Ah LiFePO

储能电池组的动态浸没式液冷系统，探讨了冷却液入口流速、入口温度、挡板布置方式对冷却性能的影响，并以电池最大温度

max

、电池组最大温差∆

max

、散热量与泵功耗比（cost to performance，CTP）为评价指标，对比分析了三种因素的影响效果。结果表明：增设挡板能够增强液冷系统的冷却性能，大小宽度的挡板等距交错排布相较于宽度递增的挡板等距排布分别降低了

max

和∆

max

4.26%、12.42%，CTP降低了10.98%；当入口流速从0.5 m/s增至1.7 m/s，

max

和∆

max

进一步降低了2.64%、3.59%；当入口温度从15℃增至35℃，

max

上升了77.23%，但∆

max

降低了14.17%。研究可知，电池液冷系统的最优方案是大小宽度挡板等距交错排布，冷却液入口流速和温度分别为1.5 m/s和20℃，相比于无挡板的初始方案，其

max

和∆

max

分别降低了29.75%、6.3

3%。本研究结果为大容量储能电池组液冷热管理系统设计提供一定的参考。

Abstract

The large-capacity single batteries that are widely used in the energy-storage industry are greatly affected by the operating temperature. The thermal performance of such batteries thus becomes a key factor in determining the battery applications

especially under the conditions of fast charging or discharging. In this study

we propose a dynamic-immersion liquid-cooling system that is specifically designed for large-capacity 280 Ah LiFePO

energy-storage battery modules. We explored the effects of the coolant flow rate at the inlet

the inlet temperature

and the baffle configuration on the cooling performance

using maximum temperature (

max

)

maximum temperature difference (∆

max

)

and the ratio of heat dissipation to pump-power consumption (cost-to-performance ratio

CTP) as evaluation indicators. We found that the installation of baffles enhances the cooling of the battery. Compared with an arrangement of large

equidistant baffles

an arrangement of alternating-sized baffles reduces

max

by 4.26% and ∆

max

by 12.42%

while decreasing CTP by 10.98%. When the flow rate at the inlet is increased from 0.5 m/s to 1.7 m/s

max

and ∆

max

are further reduced by 2.64% and 3.59%

respectively. When the inlet temperature is increased from 15℃ to 35℃

max

is increased by 77.23%

and ∆

max

is decreased by 14.17%. The optimal combination for a liquid-cooling system is an arrangement of alternating-sized baffles

with the coolant flow rate at the inlet set to 1.5 m/s and the temperature to 20℃. Compared with the initial combination without baffles

this optimal scheme reduces

max

by 29.75% and ∆

max

by 6.33%. This research pro

vides a useful reference for a liquid-cooling thermal-management system for a large-scale storage-battery module.

关键词

Keywords

references

YAO J Y, ZHANG T S, HAN Z W, et al. Study on the effect of immersion thermal management for high-current rate fast charging of 21700 Li-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 85: 111061. DOI:10.1016/j.est.2024.111061.

康芳明, 苏庆宗, 王亚雄. 基于280A·h方块电池组风冷热管理单元的仿真研究[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(12): 6711-6722.

KANG F M, SU Q Z, WANG Y X. Simulation of air-cooling thermal management unit based on 280A·h prismatic energy storage battery packs[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(12): 6711-6722.

李岳峰, 徐卫潘, 韦银涛, 等. 储能锂电池包浸没式液冷系统散热设计及热仿真分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(10): 3534-3544.

LI Y F, XU W P, WEI Y T, et al. Thermal design and simulation analysis of an immersing liquid cooling system for lithium-ions battery packs in energy storage applications[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(10): 3534-3544.

LI Y, BAI M L, ZHOU Z F, et al. Thermal management for the prismatic lithium-ion battery pack by immersion cooling with Fluorinated liquid[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2024, 257: 124453. DOI:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124453.

ABEROUMAND S, DUBAL D, WOODFIELD P, et al. Enhancement in vanadium redox flow battery performance using reduced graphene oxide nanofluid electrolyte[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 72: 108343. DOI:10.1016/j.est.2023.10 8343.

AN Z G, GAO W L, ZHANG J Y, et al. Bionic capillary/honeycomb hybrid lithium-ion battery thermal management system for electric vehicle[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2024, 242: 122444. DOI:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.122444.

ZHAO L Y, LI W, WANG G Y, et al. A novel thermal management system for lithium-ion battery modules combining direct liquid-cooling with forced air-cooling[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2023, 232: 120992. DOI:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120992.

LI W L, WANG Y W, WU W Y, et al. Analysis of immersion cooling performance for LiFePO 4 battery packs: Coolant effect and optimization[J ] . Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 2025, 64: 103830. DOI:10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103830.

HAN P, WANG J Y, ZHAO X M, et al. Performance study of fin structure in air-cooled thermal management system for column power battery[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 104: 114697. DOI:10.1016/j.est.2024.114697.

WANG Y, WANG Y T, HE T B, et al. A numerical study on a hybrid battery thermal management system based on PCM and wavy microchannel liquid cooling[J]. Renewable Energy, 2024, 235: 121273. DOI:10.1016/j.renene.2024.121273.

WANG L B, ZUO H Y, ZHANG B, et al. Effects of the cold plate with airfoil fins on the cooling performance enhancement of the prismatic LiFePO 4 battery pack[J ] . Energy, 2024, 296: 131210. DOI:10.1016/j.energy.2024.131210.

DONMEZ M, KARAMANGIL M I. Artificial neural networks-based multi-objective optimization of immersion cooling battery thermal management system using Hammersley sampling method[J]. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2024, 64: 105509. DOI:10.1016/j.csite.2024.105509.

SUN Y W, JIN Y G, JIANG Z P, et al. A review of mitigation strategies for li-ion battery thermal runaway[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2023, 149: 107259. DOI:10.1016/j.engfailanal. 2023.107259.

LIU J H, MA Q W, LI X B. Numerical study on heat dissipation performance of a lithium-ion battery module based on immersion cooling[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 66: 107511. DOI:10.1016/j.est.2023.107511.

LE Q, SHI Q L, LIU Q, et al. Numerical investigation on manifold immersion cooling scheme for lithium ion battery thermal management application[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2022, 190: 122750. DOI:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.122750.

ZOU Z Y, XIE J K, LUO Y J, et al. Numerical study on a novel thermal management system coupling immersion cooling with cooling tubes for power battery modules[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 83: 110634. DOI:10.1016/j.est.2024.110634.

HE Q, LI X C, SHAN W H, et al. Numerical and experimental investigations on heat transfer characteristics and influencing factors of immersion cooling system for high-capacity prismatic lithium-ion battery[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 104: 114518. DOI:10.1016/j.est.2024.114518.

SU Q Z, KANG F M, LI J M, et al. Experimental and numerical investigation of a composite thermal management system for energy storage battery based on air cooling[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2025, 262: 125184. DOI:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125184.

GAN H L, TIAN J A, QIU H R, et al. Thermal performance of symmetrical double-spiral channel liquid cooling plate based battery thermal management for energy storage system[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2025, 263: 125399. DOI:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125399.

ZHANG Z H, YAO X L, ZHANG J S, et al. Investigation of a novel passive self-adaptive battery thermal regulator combining liquid immersion and PCM[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 120: 116356. DOI:10.1016/j.est.2025.116356.

EL WAKIL N, CHERECHES N C, PADET J. Numerical study of heat transfer and fluid flow in a power transformer[J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2006, 45(6): 615-626. DOI:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2005.09.002.

BERNARDI D, PAWLIKOWSKI E, NEWMAN J. A general energy balance for battery systems[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1985, 132(1): 5-12. DOI:10.1149/1.2113792.

LIU Q, QIN L, SHI Q L, et al. Optimization of the active battery immersion cooling based on a self-organized fluid flow design[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 76: 109851. DOI:10.1016/j.est.2023.109851.

TETE P R, GUPTA M M, JOSHI S S. Numerical investigation on thermal characteristics of a liquid-cooled lithium-ion battery pack with cylindrical cell casings and a square duct[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, 48: 104041. DOI:10.1016/j.est.2022.104041.

DUBEY P, PULUGUNDLA G, SROUJI A K. Direct comparison of immersion and cold-plate based cooling for automotive Li-ion battery modules[J]. Energies, 2021, 14(5): DOI:10.3390/en1405 1259.

XIE J K, LIU X Y, ZHANG G Q, et al. A novel strategy to optimize the liquid cooling plates for battery thermal management by precisely tailoring the internal structure of the flow channels[J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2023, 184: 107877. DOI:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2022.107877.

TIAN J M, MEI W X, TANG J, et al. Numerical study on heat dissipation and structure optimization of immersed liquid cooling mode used in 280Ah LiFePO 4 batteries[J ] . Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2024, 185: 446-457. DOI:10.1016/j.psep.2024.02.077.

陈岳浩, 陈莎, 陈慧兰, 等. 储能电池组浸没式液冷系统冷却性能模拟研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(2): 648-658.

CHEN Y H, CHEN S, CHEN H L, et al. Simulation study on cooling performance of immersion liquid cooling systems for energy-storage battery packs[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(2): 648-658.

XU J C, FANG H F, WANG M Q, et al. Simulation research on thermal management system of battery module with fin heat dissipation structure[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2024, 239: 122177. DOI:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.122177.

WANG J G, LU S, WANG Y Z, et al. Novel investigation strategy for mini-channel liquid-cooled battery thermal management system[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2020, 44(3): 1971-1985. DOI:10.1002/er.5049.

Views

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

Research on the heat transfer characteristics of phase change cold storage gels in tube and fin cold storage equipment

Thermal runaway characteristics of LiFePO4 and ternary lithium batteries with external overheating

Research on diagnosing micro-short circuit of LiFePO4 battery pack

Exploration and practice of an elite innovative graduate training model in the field of green energy based on the triadic integration of ‘Experimentation-Simulation-Algorithms’

Experimental investigation and numerical on twin-tube series-connected tubular SOFC

Related Author

LI Mu

TAN Zhenwei

LI Chuanchang

Hongzhang ZHU

Chuanping WU

Tiannian ZHOU

Jie DENG

Huayuan XU

Related Institution

State Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention & Reduction for Power Grid, Changsha University of Science & Technology

Changsha University of Science & Technology

State Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention & Reduction for Power Grid Transmission and Distribution Equipment (Hunan Electric Power Corporation Disaster Prevention and Reduction Center)

Shanghai University of Engineering Science

Shanghai Makesens Energy Storage Technology Co., Ltd.

⁰