Research on thermal runaway and gas generation characteristics of high-nickel ternary lithium-ion cells

LI Jiaxin; XU Ting; XIAO Qiuping

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.1018

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Research on thermal runaway and gas generation characteristics of high-nickel ternary lithium-ion cells

Energy Storage Test\: Methods and Evaluation | 更新时间：2026-07-01

- Research on thermal runaway and gas generation characteristics of high-nickel ternary lithium-ion cells
- Energy Storage Science and Technology Vol. 15, Issue 4, Pages: 1387-1395(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.上海化工研究院有限公司
  2.上海化工院检测有限公司
  3.工业和信息化部工业(电池) 产品质量控制和技术评价实验室，上海 200062
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.1018
  CLC： TM 911.3
- Received：12 November 2025，
  
  Revised：2025-12-30，
  
  Published：28 April 2026
- 稿件说明：
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李嘉鑫, 许铤, 肖秋平. 高镍三元锂离子电池热失控及产气特性研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(4): 1387-1395.

LI Jiaxin, XU Ting, XIAO Qiuping. Research on thermal runaway and gas generation characteristics of high-nickel ternary lithium-ion cells[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(4): 1387-1395.
李嘉鑫, 许铤, 肖秋平. 高镍三元锂离子电池热失控及产气特性研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(4): 1387-1395. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.1018.

LI Jiaxin, XU Ting, XIAO Qiuping. Research on thermal runaway and gas generation characteristics of high-nickel ternary lithium-ion cells[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(4): 1387-1395. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.1018.

摘要

凭借出色的能量密度，高镍三元锂离子电池逐渐成为高端新能源汽车和未来低空飞行器的主流选择之一。然而，目前高镍三元锂离子电池市占率低，对潜在安全风险研究较少。本研究借助加速量热仪、气相色谱仪和20 L球气体爆炸装置，对不同荷电状态(state of charge，SOC)典型商用NCM811高镍三元锂离子电池热失控过程中的产热、产气行为及气体爆炸特性进行了系统性探究。实验结果显示：随着SOC的增加，电池自发热温度

和热失控起始温度

呈现下降趋势，且热失控孕育时间Δ

也显著缩短，电池热安全性明显降低。此外，SOC越高，电池热失控产气总量也越高；同时，H

和CO等可燃性气体比例也大幅增加，混合气体爆炸下限降低，燃爆风险显著升高。进一步，为量化分析高镍三元锂离子电池的热失控风险，基于热失控本征危害和衍生气体危害，本研究提出了一种综合风险评估模型，对于高镍三元锂离子电池安全设计优化及防护提升具有一定的指导意义。

Abstract

With outstanding energy density

high-nickel NCM ternary lithium-ion cells are gradually becoming mainstream choices for premium electric vehicles and next-generation low-altitude aircraft. Nevertheless

their current market share remains limited

and studies on their latent safety hazards are still scarce. Herein

an accelerating rate calorimeter

a gas chromatography

and a 20-L sphere gas explosion device were combined to systematically investigate heat generation

gas evolution

and gas e

xplosion characteristics of commercial NCM811 lithium-ion cells during thermal runaway at different states of charge (SOC). Results show that both the self-heating onset temperature

and the thermal runaway trigger temperature

decrease with increasing SOC

while the incubation time Δ

between

and

shortens markedly

indicating a pronounced deterioration in thermal safety. Moreover

high SOC increases the total volume of thermal runaway gases and sharply raises the fraction of flammable species such as H

and CO; Consequently

the lower explosive limit of the evolved mixture decreases and explosion risk intensifies. To quantify the overall risk

a comprehensive assessment model that integrates the intrinsic thermal hazard and the secondary gas hazard is proposed. These findings offer practical guidance for safety-oriented design and enhanced protection of high-nickel NCM ternary lithium-ion cells.

关键词

Keywords

references

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