Weight-block gradation optimization for gravity energy storage based on non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II

ZHANG Qiang; LI Jianwen; MA Minghan; GUAN Chunbao; MA Ming; TANG Qianjun; LI Changcheng; XU Ziyan

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.1015

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Weight-block gradation optimization for gravity energy storage based on non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II

Energy Storage System and Engineering | 更新时间：2026-07-01

- Weight-block gradation optimization for gravity energy storage based on non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II
- Energy Storage Science and Technology Vol. 15, Issue 4, Pages: 1331-1342(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  燕赵电力实验室(华北电力大学)，河北保定 071003
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.1015
  CLC： TM 921.2
- Received：12 November 2025，
  
  Revised：2026-01-28，
  
  Published：28 April 2026
- 稿件说明：
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张强, 李建文, 马明晗, 等. 基于改进的NSGA-II重力储能重物块分级优化策略[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(4): 1331-1342.

ZHANG Qiang, LI Jianwen, MA Minghan, et al. Weight-block gradation optimization for gravity energy storage based on non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(4): 1331-1342.
张强, 李建文, 马明晗, 等. 基于改进的NSGA-II重力储能重物块分级优化策略[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(4): 1331-1342. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.1015.

ZHANG Qiang, LI Jianwen, MA Minghan, et al. Weight-block gradation optimization for gravity energy storage based on non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(4): 1331-1342. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.1015.

摘要

兆瓦级重力储能系统中采用电励磁电机直接并网，可有效利用电机固有特性实现暂态电压与频率的支撑，但单一质量等级重物块的储放势能无法平滑连续地调节新能源并网系统的波动性功率，因此对重物块质量分级优化是进行小步长功率调节的重要工程方法。本研究针对该工程实际问题，提出一种改进的非支配排序遗传算法II(NSGA-II)的重物块分级策略：将相互冲突的重物块分级数量最少与平均功率补偿误差最小两个指标作为优化目标，考虑重物块质量边界约束以及单时段重物块操作次数约束等工程实际条件，建立重物块质量分级的多目标优化模型，结合工程约束引入贪心局部搜索策略，确保优化结果满足实际要求，完成重力储能分级的工程实际问题求解。为提高解集可靠性，执行10次独立运行优化，采用超体积、拥挤度、理想点距离等多维评价指标结合TOPSIS方法综合评价各次运行结果，筛选出最优Pareto前沿，并以平均功率补偿误差不超过5%作为工程决策依据选取出分级数最少的最优方案，针对春、夏、秋、冬四季典型日的风、光、负荷功率波动场景，实现百兆瓦时重力储能最优重物块分级组合，最后通过蒙特卡洛方法生成8个随机扰动场景进行仿真验证本分级方案的鲁棒性和有效性。

Abstract

In megawatt-level gravity energy storage systems

utilizing electrically excited motors for direct grid connection effectively leverages inherent motor characteristics to provide transient voltage and frequency support. However

using a single mass-grade weight block to store and release gravitational potential energy cannot provide smooth

continuous regulation of power fluctuations in a renewable-energy grid-connected system. Therefore

optimizing weight-block mass grading is a critical engineering approach toward fine-step power regulation. To address this practical issue

this study proposes an improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II-based weight-block grading strategy. The optimization targets are two conflicting objectives: minimizing the number of weight-block grades and minimizing the average power-compensation error. Considering practical engineering constraints

such as mass boundaries of weight blocks and operational frequencies per block within a single period

a multi-objective optimization model is established for weight-block mass grading. A greedy local search strategy is incorporated to handle these engineering constraints

thereby ensuring that the optimization results meet practical requirements and effectively address the grading problem of gravity energy storage. To enhance the reliability of the solution set

10 independent optimization runs are executed. Subsequently

multi-dimensional evaluation metrics

including hypervolume

crowding distance

and ideal point distance

are combined with the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) to comprehensively evaluate each run and identify the optimal Pareto front. Using an average power-compensation error not exceeding 5% as the engineering decision criterion

the scheme with the minimum number of grades is selected as the optimal solution. For typical everyday wind

solar

and load-power fluctuations across spring

summer

autumn

and winter

an optimal weight-block grading combination is achieved for a 100 MWh gravity energy storage system. Finally

the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed grading scheme are validated via Monte Carlo simulations using eight randomly generated disturbance scenarios.

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