Modeling and performance study of the electricity-to-heat process in a Carnot battery coupled with a heat pump and electric heating

WANG Tiankun; YIN Wenxing; XING Gang; HAN Xiaohan; WANG Zhide; QIAO Yonghui

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.1003

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Modeling and performance study of the electricity-to-heat process in a Carnot battery coupled with a heat pump and electric heating

Special Issue on Multi\-Scenario Applications of Thermal and Cold Energy Storage | 更新时间：2026-07-01

- Modeling and performance study of the electricity-to-heat process in a Carnot battery coupled with a heat pump and electric heating
- Energy Storage Science and Technology Vol. 15, Issue 3, Pages: 806-816(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.国电电力发展股份有限公司，北京 100101
  2.西北工业大学动力与能源学院，陕西西安 710129
  3.北京低碳清洁能源研究院，北京 102211
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.1003
  CLC： TK 02
- Received：05 November 2025，
  
  Revised：2025-11-21，
  
  Published：28 March 2026
- 稿件说明：
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王天堃, 殷文兴, 邢刚, 等. 热泵与电加热耦合的卡诺电池电转热过程建模与性能研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(3): 806-816.

WANG Tiankun, YIN Wenxing, XING Gang, et al. Modeling and performance study of the electricity-to-heat process in a Carnot battery coupled with a heat pump and electric heating[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(3): 806-816.
王天堃, 殷文兴, 邢刚, 等. 热泵与电加热耦合的卡诺电池电转热过程建模与性能研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(3): 806-816. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.1003.

WANG Tiankun, YIN Wenxing, XING Gang, et al. Modeling and performance study of the electricity-to-heat process in a Carnot battery coupled with a heat pump and electric heating[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(3): 806-816. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.1003.

摘要

为提升高比例可再生能源电力系统的调峰能力，本研究针对火电机组灵活改造场景，构建了热泵与电加热耦合的卡诺电池电转热过程模型，研究了不同耦合方式下的系统热力学性能。基于Aspen HYSYS软件，建立以空气为工质的逆布雷顿循环稳态热力学模型，系统分析了串联与并联两类耦合方式下的运行特性及性能差异。串联系统中，分别研究了电加热器在压缩机前、压缩机后及换热器后的三种布置形式。结果表明：在无回热系统中，电加热器置于压缩机后时能实现最佳性能，制热系数(COP)最高达2.065；在有回热系统中，电加热器置于熔盐换热器后时，系统能效最优，COP最高为1.292。本研究进一步构建了两种并联系统模型：两热泵并联系统与热泵电加热并联系统。研究结果显示，两热泵系统在额定负荷下具有更高的产热能力，而热泵电加热系统在部分负荷下的能效提升更显著，COP随输入功率降低由1.182上升至1.230，表现出优异的调节灵活性。综合分析表明，电加热与热泵的耦合形式显著影响系统的能量品位匹配与运行效率：紧密耦合有利于提升协同效率，解耦设计则能在复杂系统中维持高效稳定运行。本研究揭示了热泵与电加热协同运行的关键机理与优化方向，为火电机组灵活改造及卡诺电池储能系统工程应用提供了理论依据。

Abstract

This study aims to improve the peak-shaving capabilities of power systems with a high proportion of renewable energy by exploring the flexible retrofitting of thermal power units. We develop a model for the electricity-to-heat conversion process in a Carnot battery integrated with a heat pump and electric heating. The thermodynamic performance of the system is analyzed under various coupling configurations. A steady-state thermodynamic model utilizing an air working fluid reverse Brayton cycle is constructed using Aspen HYSYS. We systematically evaluate the operating characteristics and performance differences of two coupling types: series and parallel. In the series configuration

we examine three arrangements of the electric heater: before the compressor

after the compressor

and after the heat exchanger. Results show that in the system without recuperation

optimal performance is achieved when the electric heater is positioned after the compressor

yielding a maximum coefficient of performance (COP) of 2.065. In the recuperated system

the best configuration is with the electric heater positioned after the molten salt heat exchanger

which yields a maximum COP of 1.292. In addition

we develop two parallel system models: a dual heat pump parallel system and a heat pump-electric heater parallel system. The results reveal that the dual heat pump system provides higher heat output under rated load conditions

whereas the heat pump-electric heater parallel system shows a more significant increase in energy efficiency under part-load conditions

with the COP increasing from 1.182 to 1.230 as input power decreases

thus demonstrating excellent operational flexibility. Our comprehensive analysis shows that the coupling configuration between electric heating and the heat pump significantly affects energy-grade matching and system efficiency. More specifically

tight coupling enhances synergistic performance

whereas decoupled designs promote stable and efficient operation in complex systems. This study elucidates the key mechanisms and optimization pathways for heat pump-electric heating synergy

offering theoretical support for the flexible retrofitting of thermal power units and the engineering application of Carnot battery energy storage systems.

关键词

Keywords

references

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