Advanced liquid electrolyte design for ultrahigh-specific-energy lithium-metal batteries

ZHANG Tong; LIU Zhongbo; XU Xiaoxiong; DENG Yonghong; WANG Chaoyang; ZHANG Guangzhao

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0965

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Advanced liquid electrolyte design for ultrahigh-specific-energy lithium-metal batteries

Special Column of Beyond 500Wh/kg Battery | 更新时间：2026-07-01

- Advanced liquid electrolyte design for ultrahigh-specific-energy lithium-metal batteries
- Energy Storage Science and Technology Vol. 15, Issue 4, Pages: 1511-1531(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.华南理工大学材料学院，广东广州 510641
  2.南方科技大学材料科学与工程系，广东省电驱动力能源材料重点实验室
  3.南方科技大学创新创业学院，广东深圳 518055
  4.新宙邦科技股份有限公司，广东深圳 518118
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0965
  CLC： TM 912
- Received：27 October 2025，
  
  Revised：2025-12-26，
  
  Published：28 April 2026
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
张通, 刘中波, 许晓雄, 等. 超高比能锂金属二次电池适配电解液的设计与应用研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(4): 1511-1531.

ZHANG Tong, LIU Zhongbo, XU Xiaoxiong, et al. Advanced liquid electrolyte design for ultrahigh-specific-energy lithium-metal batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(4): 1511-1531.
张通, 刘中波, 许晓雄, 等. 超高比能锂金属二次电池适配电解液的设计与应用研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(4): 1511-1531. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0965.

ZHANG Tong, LIU Zhongbo, XU Xiaoxiong, et al. Advanced liquid electrolyte design for ultrahigh-specific-energy lithium-metal batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(4): 1511-1531. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0965.

摘要

石墨基锂离子电池已接近理论能量密度极限，而锂金属电池作为下一代储能与电动汽车核心技术，有望突破该局限，实现超500 Wh/kg的能量密度，拓展应用场景。然而，超高比能锂金属电池的开发面临三大核心挑战：一是锂枝晶生长，充电时锂金属表面易形成枝晶，可能刺穿隔膜引发短路甚至起火；二是界面不稳定，锂金属与电解液反应生成的固态电解质界面膜(SEI)膜稳定性差，加剧活性锂损耗并缩短循环寿命；三是安全隐患，电解液具有易燃特性，在短路时易引发快速热失控。针对上述挑战，本综述聚焦液态电解质这一关键环节，从分子设计视角系统探讨先进液态电解质的构建策略。通过分析溶剂化结构调控、溶剂分子间相互作用优化等核心手段，阐明不同电解液设计(如高浓及局部高浓电解液、弱溶剂化电解液、竞争配位型电解液、多组分电解液、阻燃溶剂体系等)对抑制锂枝晶、稳定界面、提升安全性的作用机理并展望液态电解质未来研究方向，旨在推动超高比能锂金属电池的实际商业化。

Abstract

Graphite-based lithium-ion batteries have nearly reached their theoretical energy density limit. By contrast

lithium-metal batteries (LMBs)

as core technology for next-generation energy storage and electric vehicles

are expected to surpass this limit

achieve energy densities over 500 Wh/kg

and broaden applications. However

the development of ultrahigh-specific-energy LMBs faces three core challenges: first

lithium dendrite growth—during charging

dendrites form on the lithium surface

potentially piercing the separator and causing short circuits or even fires; second

interfacial instability—the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed between lithium metal and electrolyte is unstable

accelerating active lithium loss and shortening battery cycle life; third

safety risks—the flammable electrolyte can trigger rapid thermal runaway after short circuits. To address these issues

this review focuses on liquid electrolytes and systematically discusses advanced liquid electrolyte design strategies from a molecular perspective. By analyzing core approaches such as solvation structure regulation and solvent interaction optimization

it clarifies how different electrolyte designs (e.g.

weakly solvating electrolytes

competitive coordination electrolytes

and flame-retardant solvent systems) inhibit lithium dendrites

stabilize interfaces

and improve safety. Finally

future research directions for liquid electrolytes are proposed to accelerate the commercialization of ultrahigh-specific-energy LMBs.

关键词

Keywords

references

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