看见锂离子电池中的轻元素：原子分辨电子显微成像的技术进展与定量化挑战

王博亚; 谷林

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0840

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看见锂离子电池中的轻元素：原子分辨电子显微成像的技术进展与定量化挑战

储能XXXX | 更新时间：2026-10-21

- 看见锂离子电池中的轻元素：原子分辨电子显微成像的技术进展与定量化挑战
- Visualizing Light Elements in Lithium Ion Batteries: Advances and Quantitative Challenges in Atomic-Resolution Electron Microscopy
- 储能科学与技术 2026年页码：1-14
- 作者机构：
  
  清华大学材料学院，北京国家电子显微镜中心与先进材料实验室，北京 100084
- 作者简介：
  
  王博亚（1996—），男，博士，锂离子电池，E-mail：boyawang@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn ；
  谷林，教授，电子显微学，E-mail：lingu@tsinghua.edu.cn 。
- 基金信息：
  
  国家重点研发计划(2022YFB2404400);国家自然科学基金(52650103;52421001;22509104);教育部基础与交叉学科突破计划(JYB2025XDXM413);清华大学自主科研计划(2024Z05HF1001)
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0840
  中图分类号： TM 911.3
- 收稿：2026-09-23，
  
  修回：2026-10-17，
  
  网络首发：2026-10-21，
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
王博亚, 谷林. 看见锂离子电池中的轻元素:原子分辨电子显微成像的技术进展与定量化挑战[J]. 储能科学与技术, XXXX, XX(XX): 1-14.

Wang Boya, Gu Lin. Visualizing Light Elements in Lithium Ion Batteries: Advances and Quantitative Challenges in Atomic-Resolution Electron Microscopy[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, XXXX, XX(XX): 1-14.
王博亚, 谷林. 看见锂离子电池中的轻元素:原子分辨电子显微成像的技术进展与定量化挑战[J]. 储能科学与技术, XXXX, XX(XX): 1-14. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0840.

Wang Boya, Gu Lin. Visualizing Light Elements in Lithium Ion Batteries: Advances and Quantitative Challenges in Atomic-Resolution Electron Microscopy[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, XXXX, XX(XX): 1-14. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0840.

摘要

Li、Na等载流离子的占位与迁移以及O、F等阴离子亚晶格的重排，直接影响离子电池材料的相变、离子输运和结构稳定性。然而，轻元素电子散射能力弱，且常与过渡金属共存，其原子尺度结构长期以来难以被直接解析。本文围绕高角环形暗场扫描透射电子显微镜（HAADF-STEM）、环形明场扫描透射电子显微镜（ABF-STEM）、积分差分相位衬度扫描透射电子显微镜（iDPC-STEM）和电子叠层成像，综述原子分辨轻元素成像的物理基础、技术进展及其在电池材料中的代表性应用。HAADF-STEM可稳定表征重元素骨架、阳离子缺陷和结-构重构；ABF-STEM进一步实现Li、O等轻元素原子柱的直接观察；iDPC-STEM通过提高低角散射电子的利用效率，可同步呈现轻、重元素，并揭示Li占位、局部锂化状态和非均匀脱嵌行为；电子叠层成像则利用四维衍射数据进行相位重构和像差校正，在较低剂量下实现Li和O的高对比度成像，并逐步拓展至非常规Li位点判定和三维空位解析。本文同时指出，轻元素“可见”并不等同于可靠定量，样品厚度、晶体倾斜、多重散射、投影重叠及电子束损伤均可能影响弱原子柱的强度和表观位置。未来需建立标准化的低剂量采集、图像模拟、误差评估和多技术交叉验证流程，并结合低温与原位实验、多层叠层重构及数据驱动分析，实现轻元素三维占位与动态迁移的定量表征，为揭示电池反应和失效机制提供可靠的结构依据。

Abstract

The site occupancy and migration of charge carriers such as Li and Na

together with rearrangements of anionic sublattices involving O and F

directly govern phase transitions

ion transport

and structural stability in ion batteries. However

the weak electron-scattering ability of light elements and their coexistence with transition metals make their atomic-scale structures difficult to resolve directly. This review summarizes the physical basis

technical advances

and representative battery applications of high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM)

annular bright-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ABF-STEM)

integrated differential phase-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (iDPC-STEM)

and electron ptychography. HAADF-STEM provides robust characterization of heavy-element frameworks

cation defects

and structural reconstruction. ABF-STEM extends direct imaging to light-element columns such as Li and O. By improving the utilization of low-angle scattered electrons

iDPC-STEM enables simultaneous visualization of light and heavy elements and reveals Li-site occupancy

local lithiation states

and heterogeneous deintercalation. Electron ptychography reconstructs phase information from four-dimensional diffraction datasets and permits post-acquisition aberration correction

providing high-contrast Li and O imaging at relatively low electron doses. Its recent applications have further enabled identification of unconventional Li sites and three-dimensional analysis of vacancy distributions. Nevertheless

visualizing light elements does not necessarily ensure reliable quantification. Specimen thickness

crystal tilt

multiple scattering

projection overlap

and electron-beam damage can all modify the intensity and apparent positions of weakly scattering atomic columns. Future studies should therefore establish standardized workflows integrating low-dose acquisition

image simulation

uncertainty evaluation

and multimodal validation. Combined with cryogenic and in situ experiments

multislice ptychographic reconstruction

and data-driven analysis

these developments are expected to enable quantitative determination of the three-dimensional occupancy and dynamic migration of light elements

providing a more reliable structural basis for understanding battery reactions and degradation mechanisms.

关键词

Keywords

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