锂硫电池用硫化聚丙烯腈正极的结构，反应机理及研究进展

刘海滨; 路会超; 赖春艳; 王久林

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0477

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锂硫电池用硫化聚丙烯腈正极的结构，反应机理及研究进展

储能材料与器件 | 更新时间：2026-09-18

- 锂硫电池用硫化聚丙烯腈正极的结构，反应机理及研究进展
- Research progress, structure and electrochemical mechanism of sulfurized polyacrylonitrile cathodes for lithium-sulfur batteries
- 储能科学与技术 2026年15卷第9期页码：3582-3612
- 作者机构：
  
  1.上海电力大学环境与化学工程学院，上海 200090
  2.上海交通大学化学化工学院，上海 200240
- 作者简介：
  
  刘海滨（1998—），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为锂硫电池，E-mail：15614306260@163.com；
  王久林，研究员，研究方向为锂硫二次电池及其关键材料，E-mail：wangjiulin@sjtu.edu.cn 。
- 基金信息：
  
  国家自然科学基金项目(22339001)
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0477
  中图分类号： TM 911
- 收稿：2026-06-01，
  
  修回：2026-06-17，
  
  纸质出版：2026-09-28
- 稿件说明：
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刘海滨, 路会超, 赖春艳, 等. 锂硫电池用硫化聚丙烯腈正极的结构,反应机理及研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(9): 3582-3612.

LIU Haibin, LU Huichao, LAI Chunyan, et al. Research progress, structure and electrochemical mechanism of sulfurized polyacrylonitrile cathodes for lithium-sulfur batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(9): 3582-3612.
刘海滨, 路会超, 赖春艳, 等. 锂硫电池用硫化聚丙烯腈正极的结构,反应机理及研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(9): 3582-3612. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0477.

LIU Haibin, LU Huichao, LAI Chunyan, et al. Research progress, structure and electrochemical mechanism of sulfurized polyacrylonitrile cathodes for lithium-sulfur batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(9): 3582-3612. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0477.

摘要

锂硫电池因其高达2600 Wh/kg的理论能量密度，以及硫元素储量丰富、成本低廉等优势，被视为大规模储能系统与动力电池的理想候选体系。然而，传统锂硫电池仍面临一系列挑战，尤其是可溶性多硫化物的“穿梭效应”危害严重。硫化聚丙烯腈材料的提出为这一问题的解决提供了有效方案：其环化后的聚丙烯腈骨架为本征绝缘的硫提供了导电框架，独特的共价键合S—C、S—N网络结构通过固-固转化机制，从根本上抑制了多硫化物的生成与穿梭，显著提升了电池的库仑效率与循环稳定性。本文回顾了硫化聚丙烯腈二十多年来的发展历程，系统阐述了聚丙烯腈骨架的作用机理。并从内部结构调控与外部改性修饰的双重视角，总结了主流改性策略：其一为本征结构优化，主要包括基于聚丙烯腈的分子工程设计及硫烧结制备工艺优化；其二为外源改性，重点分析碳材料引入、金属化合物修饰、杂原子掺杂及复合电极构筑等改性方法的应用效果，阐明了各类改性手段对材料导电性、反应动力学特性及电池循环稳定性的提升机制。最后，基于当前硫化聚丙烯腈正极材料的研究现状，展望了其改性技术的未来发展方向，指出将理论模拟与内外协同改性相结合是该领域极具潜力的研究思路。

Abstract

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are regarded as promising candidates for large-scale energy storage systems and electric vehicles owing to their exceptionally high theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh/kg

along with the natural abundance and low cost of sulfur. However

conventional Li-S batteries face significant challenges

most notably the detrimental "shuttle effect" caused by soluble lithium polysulfides. The development of sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) has provided an effective solution to this issue. Its cyclized polyacrylonitrile (PAN) backbone serves as a conductive framework for intrinsically insulating sulfur

while its unique covalently bonded S—C and S—N network fundamentally suppresses the generation and shuttling of polysulfides through a solid-solid conversion mechanism

thereby significantly enhancing Coulombic efficiency and cycling stability.This review traces the two-decade development of SPAN and systematically elucidates the mechanistic role of the PAN backbone. From the complementary perspectives of intrinsic structural regulation and extrinsic modification

we summarize the major strategies for improving the electrochemical performance of SPAN cathodes. Intrinsic structural regulation primarily focuses on molecular engineering of the PAN precursor and the optimization of the sulfurization and sintering processes. By contrast

extrinsic modification encompasses the incorporation of carbon materials

decoration with metal compounds

heteroatom doping

and the construction of composite electrodes. The underlying mechanisms and the effectiveness of these strategies in improving electrical conductivity

accelerating reaction kinetics

and enhancing cycling stability are comprehensively discussed. Finally

based on the current research landscape

we provide future perspectives on SPAN cathode modification technologies

emphasizing that the integration of theoretical simulations with synergistic intrinsic and extrinsic modification strategies represents a promising direction for the development of high-performance Li-S batteries.

关键词

Keywords

references

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