SOC/SOH不一致串联电池模组低温交流加热策略

卢健明; 李夔宁; 郑东滨; 桑艳杰; 谢翌

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0458

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SOC/SOH不一致串联电池模组低温交流加热策略

储能XXXXX | 更新时间：2026-07-21

- SOC/SOH不一致串联电池模组低温交流加热策略
- Inconsistency-aware low-temperature AC heating strategy for series-connected battery modules
- 储能科学与技术 2026年页码：1-14
- 作者机构：
  
  1.重庆大学低品位能源利用技术及系统教育部重点实验室，重庆 400044
  2.重庆大学能源与动力工程学院，重庆 400044
  3.重庆大学机械与运载工程学院，重庆 400044
- 作者简介：
  
  卢健明（2002—），男，硕士研究生（在读），研究方向为锂离子电池低温加热与热管理，E-mail：cqulujm@stu.cqu.edu.cn；
  李夔宁，教授，研究方向为电池热管理、车辆热管理，E-mail：leekn@cqu.edu.cn。
- 基金信息：
  
  国家自然科学基金联合基金项目(U23A20327)
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0458
  中图分类号： TM 912
- 收稿：2026-05-25，
  
  修回：2026-07-13，
  
  网络首发：2026-07-21，
- 稿件说明：
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卢健明, 李夔宁, 郑东滨, 等. SOC/SOH不一致串联电池模组低温交流加热策略[J]. 储能科学与技术, XXXX, XX(XX): 1-14.

Lu Jianming, Li Kuining, Zheng Dongbin, et al. Inconsistency-aware low-temperature AC heating strategy for series-connected battery modules[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, XXXX, XX(XX): 1-14.
卢健明, 李夔宁, 郑东滨, 等. SOC/SOH不一致串联电池模组低温交流加热策略[J]. 储能科学与技术, XXXX, XX(XX): 1-14. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0458.

Lu Jianming, Li Kuining, Zheng Dongbin, et al. Inconsistency-aware low-temperature AC heating strategy for series-connected battery modules[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, XXXX, XX(XX): 1-14. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0458.

摘要

针对SOC/SOH不一致引起的串联电池模组单体电压裕度、阻抗特征和产热响应差异，提出一种兼顾单体安全与加热能力的低温交流脉冲加热方法。采用NCR18650B圆柱锂离子电池构建4S串联模组，通过低温开路电压和电化学阻抗谱测试及弛豫时间分布分析，表征温度、SOC和SOH对单体电压与阻抗频率特征的影响；利用复数非线性最小二乘法辨识二阶RQ等效电路—集中参数热耦合模型，并引入0.484～0.562 μH的等效寄生电感描述高频感抗影响。在过压、过放、析锂和安全频率约束下，计算各单体在电流幅值—频率域内的安全可行域，并由可行域交集确定模组允许运行范围。SOC不一致工况根据动态电压安全裕度最小的单体调节电流幅值，SOH不一致工况根据安全频率下限最高的单体调节激励频率，同时采用相邻温区线性插值、变化率限制和滞回控制改善温区切换过程。该策略通过离线参数标定和在线查表插值实现，无需在BMS中实时重构完整阻抗谱，可降低在线计算负担。分别对70%-50%和50%-30% SOC不一致模组以及80%-100%和90%-100% SOH不一致模组开展3次独立重复试验，所得温升速率依次为0.364±0.006、1.257±0.010、1.193±0.014和1.157±0.015℃/min，变异系数为0.79%～1.62%。同工况比较结果表明，固定1.5C-100 Hz加热在70%-50% SOC工况下使最高单体电压达到4.457 V，超过4.2 V上截止电压；所提方法的温升速率为安全限幅100 Hz方法的2.29～3.62倍。采用模组平均状态或固定初始短板单体进行调节，还会分别造成局部安全裕度判断偏差和限制单体迁移漏跟踪。结果说明，基于单体安全可行域交集和限制单体动态识别的幅值—频率调节方法，能够在满足各单体安全约束的同时充分利用模组允许的加热能力，可为不一致串联电池模组的低温预热控制提供依据。对于不同类型电芯和更高串数模组，相关电热参数与安全边界需根据具体对象重新标定。

Abstract

Low-temperature operation increases cell polarization and lithium-plating risk

while cell-to-cell differences in state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) produce nonuniform voltage margins

impedance characteristics

and heat-generation responses in series-connected battery modules. To coordinate cell-level safety and heating capability under these inconsistencies

an AC pulse heating method based on feasible-domain intersection and dynamic identification of limiting cells is proposed. A 4S module composed of NCR18650B cylindrical lithium-ion cells was constructed as the experimental platform. Low-temperature open-circuit voltage and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests

together with distribution of relaxation times analysis

were conducted to characterize the effects of temperature

SOC

and SOH on cell voltage and impedance-frequency behavior. A coupled electrothermal model consisting of a second-order resistor-constant phase element equivalent circuit and a lumped-parameter thermal model was identified using complex nonlinear least squares. An equivalent parasitic inductance of 0.484-0.562 μH was included to account for the high-frequency inductive response. Cell-level safety-feasible domains in the current-amplitude-frequency plane were then calculated under overvoltage

overdischarge

lithium-plating

and safe-frequency constraints

and their intersection defined the allowable operating range of the module. For SOC-inconsistent modules

the current amplitude was adjusted according to the cell with the minimum dynamic voltage safety margin; for SOH-inconsistent modules

the excitation frequency was adjusted according to the cell with the highest safe-frequency lower bound. Linear interpolation between adjacent temperature intervals

rate limits

and hysteresis control were employed to smooth parameter updates during temperature-region transitions. The strategy uses offline parameter calibration and online lookup-table interpolation

avoiding real-time reconstruction of full impedance spectra and reducing the computational burden on the battery management system. Three independent heating tests were conducted under each of four conditions: modules with 70%-50% and 50%-30% SOC distributions and modules with 80%-100% and 90%-100% SOH distributions. The corresponding temperature-rise rates were 0.364±0.006

1.257±0.010

1.193±0.014

and 1.157±0.015 °C/min

respectively

with coefficients of variation ranging from 0.79% to 1.62%. Under the 70%-50% SOC condition

fixed 1.5C-100 Hz heating increased the maximum cell voltage to 4.457 V

exceeding the upper cutoff voltage of 4.2 V. Compared with the voltage-safe 100 Hz current-limited method

the proposed method achieved temperature-rise rates that were 2.29-3.62 times as high. Control based on the module-averaged state or a fixed initial bottleneck cell also led to local safety-margin misjudgment or failure to track limiting-cell migration. The results demonstrate that the proposed amplitude-frequency regulation method can exploit the allowable heating capability of the module while satisfying the safety constraints of every cell. The method provides a basis for low-temperature preheating control of inconsistent series-connected battery modules. For other cell formats and modules with more series-connected cells

the electrothermal parameters and safety boundaries should be recalibrated for the specific system.

关键词

Keywords

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