低温双电层电容器的电解液与电极材料的研究进展与展望

刘浩锋; 周锋; 杨明; 李潇潇; 吴忠帅

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0356

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低温双电层电容器的电解液与电极材料的研究进展与展望

超级电容器关键材料与器件专刊 | 更新时间：2026-05-28

- 低温双电层电容器的电解液与电极材料的研究进展与展望
- Research progress and future perspectives on electrolytes and electrode materials for low-temperature electric double-layer capacitors
- 储能科学与技术 2026年15卷第5期页码：1581-1594
- 作者机构：
  
  1.中国科学院大连化学物理研究所，辽宁大连 116023
  2.辽宁省清洁能源有限公司科技创新部
  3.辽宁能源投资（集团）有限责任公司战略发展部，辽宁沈阳 110014
- 作者简介：
  
  刘浩锋（1995—），男，博士研究生，研究方向为极端温度超级电容器，E-mail：liuhaofeng@dicp.ac.cn；
  周锋，副研究员，研究方向为石墨烯材料的规模化宏量制备与应用，离子液体基电解液、超级电容器和微型电化学能源材料与器件，E-mail：zhoufeng1107@dicp.ac.cn
  吴忠帅，研究员，研究方向为二维材料化学、微纳电能源化学，E-mail：wuzs@dicp.ac.cn。
- 基金信息：
  
  国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB4005204);国家自然科学基金项目(U24A20553;22379144;22125903;22439003);辽宁省振兴领军人才计划项目(XLYC2402032);辽宁省科技重大专项(2024jh1/1170001x);DICP项目(DICP I202471)
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0356
  中图分类号： TM 911
- 收稿：2026-04-17，
  
  修回：2026-05-15，
  
  纸质出版：2026-05-28
- 稿件说明：
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刘浩锋, 周锋, 杨明, 等. 低温双电层电容器的电解液与电极材料的研究进展与展望[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(5): 1581-1594.

LIU Haofeng, ZHOU Feng, YANG Ming, et al. Research progress and future perspectives on electrolytes and electrode materials for low-temperature electric double-layer capacitors[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(5): 1581-1594.
刘浩锋, 周锋, 杨明, 等. 低温双电层电容器的电解液与电极材料的研究进展与展望[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(5): 1581-1594. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0356.

LIU Haofeng, ZHOU Feng, YANG Ming, et al. Research progress and future perspectives on electrolytes and electrode materials for low-temperature electric double-layer capacitors[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(5): 1581-1594. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0356.

摘要

电化学储能设备的实际应用面临着诸多严峻挑战，尤其在低温环境下，常出现电化学性能衰退甚至设备失效等问题。相较于以法拉第反应为储能机制的锂离子电池，双电层电容器凭借其物理吸/脱附的储能机制，在解决低温电化学储能问题方面展现出独特潜力，但仍存在诸多技术瓶颈。在低温条件下，电解液的离子电导率下降、电解液本身发生凝固以及离子在电极材料内部的扩散受限等问题，严重制约了器件的电化学性能。因此，如何设计兼具高离子电导率和超低凝固点等优异低温性能的电解液，并开发与之匹配的电极材料，成为推动低温双电层电容器发展的关键。本文首先阐述了双电层电容器的基本工作原理，系统分析了其在低温环境下面临的主要问题。在此基础上，深入探讨了水系、有机系及离子液体等各类电解液的优缺点，以及电解液与电极材料的设计原则。进而综述了近年来电解液与电极材料设计的研究进展，最后展望了低温双电层电容器的未来研究方向，以期为下一代高性能低温双电层电容器的发展提供理论指导和技术参考。

Abstract

Electrochemical energy storage devices face numerous critical challenges in their widespread applications

particularly under low-temperature conditions

where issues such as electrochemical performance degradation and even device failure frequently occur. Compared with lithium-ion batteries

which store energy via Faradaic reactions

electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) exhibit unique potential for addressing low-temperature electrochemical energy storage challenges due to their physical adsorption-desorption mechanism. However

they still encounter numerous obstacles in practical applications. Under low-temperature conditions

the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte decreases and the electrolyte may even solidify

while ion diffusion within electrode materials becomes restricted

severely limiting the electrochemical performance of EDLCs. Therefore

designing electrolytes with excellent low-temperature performance

featuring both high ionic conductivity and an ultra-low freezing point

along with developing matching electrode materials

has become critical for advancing low-temperature EDLCs. This review first elaborates on the fundamental working principles of EDLCs and systematically analyzes the key challenges they face in low-temperature environments. Building on this foundation

it provides a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of various electrolytes

including aqueous

organic

and ionic liquid electrolytes

as well as the design principles for electrolytes and electrode materials. Subsequently

recent research progress in the design of both electrolytes and electrode materials is reviewed. Finally

future research directions for low-temperature EDLCs are proposed

aiming to provide theoretical guidance and technical references for the development of next-generation high-performance low-temperature EDLCs.

关键词

Keywords

references

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