石墨和电解液界面研究进展：现状，挑战，未来

殷秀平; 任晓英; 何坤; 席博; 夏永高; 乔永民

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0335

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

石墨和电解液界面研究进展：现状，挑战，未来

储能材料与器件 | 更新时间：2026-09-18

- 石墨和电解液界面研究进展：现状，挑战，未来
- Research progress on the interface between graphite and electrolyte: Current status, challenges, and perspectives
- 储能科学与技术 2026年15卷第9期页码：3510-3524
- 作者机构：
  
  1.宁波杉杉新材料科技有限公司，浙江宁波 315000
  2.上海杉杉新材料有限公司，上海 201306
  3.中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程所，浙江宁波 315000
- 作者简介：
  
  殷秀平（1992—），男，博士，研究方向为锂/钠碳基负极材料的开发和机理研究，E-mail：xiupingyin1@163.com；
  乔永民，教授级高级工程师，研究方向为锂离子电池负极材料，E-mail：qiao.yongmin@shanshantech.com。
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0335
  中图分类号： O 646.54
- 收稿：2026-04-20，
  
  修回：2026-05-30，
  
  纸质出版：2026-09-28
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
殷秀平, 任晓英, 何坤, 等. 石墨和电解液界面研究进展:现状,挑战,未来[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(9): 3510-3524.

YIN Xiuping, REN Xiaoying, HE Kun, et al. Research progress on the interface between graphite and electrolyte: Current status, challenges, and perspectives[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(9): 3510-3524.
殷秀平, 任晓英, 何坤, 等. 石墨和电解液界面研究进展:现状,挑战,未来[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(9): 3510-3524. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0335.

YIN Xiuping, REN Xiaoying, HE Kun, et al. Research progress on the interface between graphite and electrolyte: Current status, challenges, and perspectives[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(9): 3510-3524. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0335.

摘要

锂电池石墨负极材料以其低的成本、较高的理论容量和较低的嵌锂电位等优点，被广泛地应用在各种能源领域。而石墨在快充、长循环及高低温下的界面传输及其稳定性限制了其更广泛的应用。基于此，本文分析了如今石墨负极材料发展所面临的挑战，全面系统地介绍了石墨和电解液调控对SEI界面的影响，重点从石墨负极的表界面（表面包覆、孔隙结构调控、元素掺杂）和电解液（锂盐、溶剂、添加剂）调控两方面总结了提升石墨负极在快充、长循环和高低温性能方面的有效策略。通过对石墨表面结构和电解液成分的有效调控以及后期化成工艺的优化等，构建界面保护结构、增强锂离子界面的传输、诱导形成稳定的SEI等助力性能的提升。展望未来，通过表征手段（原子级-纳米级-电极级多尺度多模态原位表征技术）、材料结构创新（高石墨化度、低膨胀、高离子扩散、掺硅/硬炭等）、界面工程优化（包覆、人造SEI、固态）及制备工艺（连续化、低成本、绿色低碳环保）的持续升级，石墨负极材料的性能将得到进一步提升，能够满足下一代动力电池对能量密度、快充能力及循环寿命的要求。

Abstract

Owing to its low cost

high theoretical capacity

and low lithium intercalation potential

graphite has enabled the widespread application of lithium-ion batteries in various energy fields. However

limitations associated with interfacial lithium-ion transport and interfacial stability under conditions such as fast charging

prolonged cycling

and extreme temperatures currently limit the broad application of graphite anode materials. Against this background

this review analyzes the current challenges associated with the development of graphite anode materials and systematically summarizes the influence of graphite and electrolyte regulation on the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). This review focuses on effective strategies for enhancing the fast-charging

long-cycle

and high-/low-temperature performance of graphite from two main approaches: regulating the surface and interface of graphite anodes (i.e.

surface coating

pore structure engineering

and elemental doping) and optimizing electrolyte composition (i.e.

lithium salts and solvents

additives). Through effective regulation of graphite surface structures and electrolyte composition

together with optimization of subsequent formation processes

protective interfacial layers can be constructed

lithium-ion transport across the interface can be enhanced

and the formation of stable SEI layers can be promoted

thereby boosting electrochemical performance. Looking forward

continued advancements in characterization techniques (i.e.

multiscale and multimodal in situ characterization technologies)

material structure innovation (e.g.

highly graphitized structures

reduced volume expansion

enhanced ionic diffusivity

and silicon/hard carbon incorporation)

interface engineering optimization (i.e.

surface coatings

artificial SEI construction

and solid-state interface adaptation)

and improved manufacturing processes (e.g.

continuous

low-cost

green and low-carbon production) will further enhance the performance of graphite anode materials. These developments will enable graphite-based anodes to meet the stringent requirements of next-generation lithium-ion batteries in terms of energy density

fast-charging capability

and long cycle life.

关键词

Keywords

references

BHATTACHARYYA S, ROY S, LIN X D, et al. Graphite: The new critical mineral[J]. Nature Reviews Materials, 2026, 11(1): 65-78. DOI:10.1038/s41578-025-00848-5.

DONG Y, LIU C, RUI M X, et al. Review on graphite anodes for fast-charging lithium-ion batteries: Mechanism, modification and characterizations[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2025, 35(45): 2506190. DOI:10.1002/adfm.202506190.

CHEN S, LIU C, FENG R C, et al. Natural graphite anode for advanced lithium-ion batteries: Challenges, Progress, and Perspectives[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 503: 158116. DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2024.158116.

ZHAO D H, DING M F, TAO M M, et al. Advanced interfacial engineering of graphite anodes for next-generation lithium-ion batteries[J]. Small, 2026, 22(4): e12150. DOI:10.1002/smll. 202512150.

SHU W L, ZENG Z Q, QIN M S, et al. Perspective on fast-charging lithium-ion batteries: Mechanism, detection, and suppression of graphite anode lithium plating[J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2025, 81: 104479. DOI:10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104479.

YIN Y, DONG X L. Electrolyte engineering and material modification for graphite-based lithium-ion batteries operated at low temperature[J]. Interdisciplinary Materials, 2023, 2(4): 569-588. DOI:10.1002/idm2.12105.

邢宝林, 鲍倜傲, 李旭升, 等. 锂离子电池用石墨类负极材料结构调控与表面改性的研究进展[J]. 材料导报, 2020, 34(15): 15063-15068. DOI:10.11896/cldb.19080114.

XING B L, BAO T A, LI X S, et al. Research progress on structure regulation and surface modification of graphite anode materials for lithium ion batteries[J]. Materials Review, 2020, 34(15): 15063-15068. DOI:10.11896/cldb.19080114.

YAO Y X, YAN C, ZHANG Q. Emerging interfacial chemistry of graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Chemical Communications, 2020, 56(93): 14570-14584. DOI:10.1039/d0cc05084a.

CAO B, DU M J, GUO Z R, et al. The future of carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries: The rational regulation of graphite interphase[J]. Carbon Future, 2024, 1(3): 9200017. DOI:10.26599/cf.2024. 9200017.

WANG X C, CHEN Z H, LIU S Y, et al. Anode interphase design for fast-charging lithium-based rechargeable batteries[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2025, 18(6): 2648-2667. DOI:10.1039/d4ee06107a.

YAN C, XU R, XIAO Y, et al. Toward critical electrode/electrolyte interfaces in rechargeable batteries[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2020, 30(23): 1909887. DOI:10.1002/adfm.201909887.

FERRERO G A, ÅVALL G, JANßEN K, et al. Solvent co-intercalation reactions for batteries and beyond[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2025, 125(6): 3401-3439. DOI:10.1021/acs.chemrev. 4c00805.

XIAO Z H, ZHENG F Z, WANG Z A, et al. Regulating hard carbon microstructures on graphite anode toward splendid lithium-ion storage performance below 0.5 V[J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2026, 84: 104777. DOI:10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104777.

YUE J X, ZHU Y M, WEN X L, et al. High softening point isotropic coating pitch prepared by oxidative co-polymerization for enhanced electrochemical performance of graphite anodes[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2026, 36(39): e74634. DOI:10. 1002/adfm.74634.

ROBINSON B, YANG J, TAN R, et al. Rethinking the roles of graphite and graphene in lithium-ion batteries from environmental and industrial perspectives[J]. Carbon Energy, 2026, 8(1): e70099. DOI:10.1002/cey2.70099.

SHENG Y L, YUE X Y, et al. Heterojunction-coated graphite anode enables fast charging via built-In electric field-regulated interfacial Li-ion transport[J ] . ACS Energy Letters, 2025, 10(10): 5075-5083. DOI:10.1021/acsenergylett.5c02653.

SUH J H, SHIN H R, KIM T, et al. Mitigating the fast-charging limitations of graphite anodes via g-C 3 N 4 surface engineering[J ] . Energy Storage Materials, 2025, 82: 104596. DOI:10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104596.

SUH J H, HAN S A, YANG S Y, et al. Toward fast-charging and dendritic-free Li growth on natural graphite through intercalation/conversion on MoS 2 nanosheets[J ] . Advanced Materials, 2025, 37(7): 2414117. DOI:10.1002/adma.202414117.

NIU M, DONG L W, YUE J P, et al. A fast-charge graphite anode with a Li-ion-conductive, electron/solvent-repelling interface[J]. Angewandte Chemie, 2024, 136(21): e202318663. DOI:10.1002/ange.202318663.

DONG Y, WU F, CHEN T R, et al. Hierarchically conformal Li + /electron conductive and mechanically robust interface enabling natural graphite anodes for fast-charging and long-cycling operation[J ] . Advanced Energy Materials, 2025, 15(34): 2500978. DOI:10.1002/aenm.202500978.

WANG C N, XIE Y S, HUANG Y S, et al. Li 3 PO 4 -enriched SEI on graphite anode boosts Li + de-solvation enabling fast-charging and low-temperature lithium-ion batteries[J ] . Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2024, 63(21): e202402301. DOI:10.1002/anie.202402301.

NAGENDRA K, NIKGOFTAR K, MADIKERE RAGHUNATHA REDDY A K, et al. Challenges and issues in using coated and uncoated graphitic anodes in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Batteries, 2026, 12(5): 154. DOI:10.3390/batteries12050154.

TU S B, ZHANG B, ZHANG Y, et al. Fast-charging capability of graphite-based lithium-ion batteries enabled by Li3P-based crystalline solid-electrolyte interphase[J]. Nature Energy, 2023, 8(12): 1365-1374. DOI:10.1038/s41560-023-01387-5.

SABAGHI D, WANG Z Y, BHAURIYAL P, et al. Ultrathin positively charged electrode skin for durable anion-intercalation battery chemistries[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14: 760. DOI:10.1038/s41467-023-36384-5.

LI F S, WU Y S, CHOU J, et al. A mechanically robust and highly ion-conductive polymer-blend coating for high-power and long-life lithium-ion battery anodes[J]. Advanced Materials, 2015, 27(1): 130-137. DOI:10.1002/adma.201403880.

LUO J, WU C G, SU L Y, et al. A proof-of-concept graphite anode with a lithium dendrite suppressing polymer coating[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 406: 63-69. DOI:10.1016/j.jpowsour. 2018.10.002.

DA H R, PAN S S, LI J, et al. Greatly recovered electrochemical performances of regenerated graphite anode enabled by an artificial PMMA solid electrolyte interphase layer[J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2023, 56: 457-467. DOI:10.1016/j.ensm. 2023.01.038.

王灿, 马盼, 祝国梁, 等. 丙烯酸锂包覆天然石墨对其电化学性能的影响[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(6): 1706-1714. DOI:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0556.

WANG C, MA P, ZHU G L, et al. Effect of lithium acrylic-coated nature graphite on its electrochemical properties[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(6): 1706-1714. DOI:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0556.

CHEN K H, GOEL V, NAMKOONG M J, et al. Enabling 6C fast charging of Li-ion batteries with graphite/hard carbon hybrid anodes[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2021, 11(5): 2003336. DOI:10.1002/aenm.202003336.

HAN Y J, KIM J, YEO J S, et al. Coating of graphite anode with coal tar pitch as an effective precursor for enhancing the rate performance in Li-ion batteries: Effects of composition and softening points of coal tar pitch[J]. Carbon, 2015, 94: 432-438. DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2015.07.030.

刘澜涛, 殷松鹤, 刘子帅, 等. 液相包覆人造石墨负极材料的结构和性能研究[J]. 炭素技术, 2025, 44(6): 111-115. DOI:10.14078/j.cnki.1001-3741.2025.06.016.

LIU L T, YIN S H, LIU Z S, et al. Study on the structure and properties of liquid phase coated artificial graphite anode material[J]. Carbon Techniques, 2025, 44(6): 111-115. DOI:10.14078/j.cnki.1001-3741.2025.06.016.

HUANG Y S, WANG C N, LV H F, et al. Bifunctional interphase promotes Li + de-solvation and transportation enabling fast-charging graphite anode at low temperature[J ] . Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(13): 2308675. DOI:10.1002/adma.202308675.

WEI H M, LIU X L, PAN H H, et al. Interface modification resolves the fast-charging-thermal stability dilemma of graphite anodes[J]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2026, 311: 113238. DOI:10. 1016/j.compositesb.2025.113238.

HUANG Z K, CUI C H, et al. Synergistic pore architecture and surface lithiation enable Li 3 PO 4 -dominated interphases for ultrahigh-rate graphite anodes[J ] . ACS Nano, 2025, 19(44): 38583-38593. DOI:10.1021/acsnano.5c13044.

JIA A, GAO W J, WANG J, et al. Suppressed lithium plating in graphite anodes enabled by tailoring the interfacial lithium concentration[J]. Joule, 2026, 10(3): 102278. DOI:10.1016/j.joule. 2025.102278.

闻文, 王慧艳, 周静红, 等. 石墨负极颗粒对锂离子电池容量衰减及SEI膜生长影响的模拟研究[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(1): 366-376. DOI:10.11949/0438-1157.20230659.

WEN W, WANG H Y, ZHOU J H, et al. Simulation study on the impact of graphite anode particles on lithium-ion battery capacity fading and SEI film growth[J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(1): 366-376. DOI:10.11949/0438-1157.20230659.

ZHU H Y, RUSSELL J A, FANG Z T, et al. A comparison of solid electrolyte interphase formation and evolution on highly oriented pyrolytic and disordered graphite negative electrodes in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Small, 2021, 17(52): 2105292. DOI:10.1002/smll.202105292.

CHENG Q, YUGE R, NAKAHARA K, et al. KOH etched graphite for fast chargeable lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 284: 258-263. DOI:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015. 03.036.

XU J, WANG X D, HU B Q, et al. Oriented-etched graphite for low-temperature lithium-ion batteries[J]. Batteries & Supercaps, 2023, 6(4): e202200499. DOI:10.1002/batt.202200499.

PARK M S, LEE J, LEE J W, et al. Tuning the surface chemistry of natural graphite anode by H 3 PO 4 and H 3 BO 3 treatments for improving electrochemical and thermal properties[J ] . Carbon, 2013, 62: 278-287. DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2013.05.065.

LIU Y H, YANG S, GUO H R, et al. Low LUMO energy carbon molecular interface to suppress electrolyte decomposition for fast charging natural graphite anode[J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2024, 73: 103806. DOI:10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103806.

FU L J, LIU H, LI C, et al. Surface modifications of electrode materials for lithium ion batteries[J]. Solid State Sciences, 2006, 8(2): 113-128. DOI:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2005.10.019.

KANG S X, LUN H, QI Y X, et al. Boosted electrochemical performance of graphite anode enabled by polytetrafluoroethylene-derived F-doping[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2021, 261: 124214. DOI:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.124214.

KO M, JAYASUBRAMANIYAN S, KIM S, et al. Surface fluorinated graphite suppressing the lithium dendrite formation for fast chargeable lithium ion batteries[J]. Carbon, 2024, 219: 118808. DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2024.118808.

PARK M S, KIM J H, JO Y N, et al. Incorporation of phosphorus into the surface of natural graphite anode for lithium ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2011, 21(44): 17960. DOI:10. 1039/c1jm13158c.

WANG D, KATAYAMA Y, VON HOLTUM B, et al. Revealing the lithium solid electrolyte interphase in liquid electrolytes via in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy[J ] . Cell Press Blue, 2026, 1(1): 100002. DOI:10.1016/j.cpblue.2025.100002.

TIAN Y F, TAN S J, YANG C P, et al. Tailoring chemical composition of solid electrolyte interphase by selective dissolution for long-life micron-sized silicon anode[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14: 7247. DOI:10.1038/s41467-023-43093-6.

WANG Z W, GU X W, ZHU J C, et al. Weakly-solvated and co-intercalation-free ether-based electrolytes enhance the low- temperature and fast-charging performance of LiFePO 4 ||graphite batteries[J ] . Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2026, 65(1): e21171. DOI:10.1002/anie.202521171.

YAN X N, CHEN K A, CHEN H, et al. PC-derived SEI film to stabilize graphite|electrolyte interface in sulfone-based electrolyte for advanced lithium-ion batteries[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2025, 15(22): 2404992. DOI:10.1002/aenm. 202404992.

SONG C, HAN S H, CHOI Y, et al. Geometric design of interface structures and electrolyte solvation chemistry for fast charging lithium-ion batteries[J]. Advanced Materials, 2025, 37(19): 2418773. DOI:10.1002/adma.202418773.

SHEN C Y, GUAN D C, LIU W C, et al. Synergistic solvent design for fluorine-free electrolytes in high-performance lithium-ion batteries[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2025, 35(38): 2503713. DOI:10.1002/adfm.202503713.

LI S Y, ZHANG Y L, WU S M, et al. Synchronized achieving amount reduction and efficiency increase of lithium salt-type additive by alternating current pulse discharge technology[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 485: 150095. DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2024.150095.

KARANTH P, WEIJERS M, LAVRINENKO A K, et al. Designing fluorine-free electrolytes for lithium metal batteries[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2025, 147(50): 46008-46022. DOI:10.1021/jacs.5c12584.

WANG Z M, HE Z Y, WANG Z S, et al. Engineering the solid electrolyte interphase for enhancing high-rate cycling and temperature adaptability of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Chemical Science, 2025, 16(8): 3571-3579. DOI:10.1039/d4sc07916g.

YU Y K, XU J Y, DUANMU K, et al. Stabilizing graphite anode in electrolytes with nanoscale anion networking for high-rate lithium storage[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2024, 9(10): 5002-5011. DOI:10.1021/acsenergylett.4c02011.

赵岩, 刘浩, 易宗琳, 等. FEC与VC在锂离子电池石墨负极界面行为研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(9): 3249-3258. DOI:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0217.

ZHAO Y, LIU H, YI Z L, et al. Interfacial behavior of FEC and VC at graphite anode of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(9): 3249-3258. DOI:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0217.

YANG M, CHEN K A, LI H, et al. Molecular adsorption-induced interfacial solvation regulation to stabilize graphite anode in ethylene carbonate-free electrolytes[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2023, 33(47): 2306828. DOI:10.1002/adfm.202306828.

YOON T, CHAPMAN N, SEO D M, et al. Lithium salt effects on silicon electrode performance and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) structure, role of solution structure on SEI formation[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2017, 164(9): A2082-A2088. DOI:10.1149/2.1421709jes.

JEONG S K, INABA M, IRIYAMA Y, et al. Electrochemical intercalation of lithium ion within graphite from propylene carbonate solutions[J]. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 2003, 6(1): A13. DOI:10.1149/1.1526781.

MO Y B, LIU G P, CHEN J W, et al. Unraveling the temperature-responsive solvation structure and interfacial chemistry for graphite anodes[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2024, 17(1): 227-237. DOI:10.1039/d3ee03176d.

RODRIGUES M F, SAYED F N, GULLAPALLI H, et al. High-temperature solid electrolyte interphases (SEI) in graphite electrodes[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 381: 107-115. DOI:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.01.070.

WANG Z Y, HAO W, DUAN T, et al. Temperature-potential coupled regulation of LiPF 6 decomposition to construct LiF grain boundary-rich interphase on graphite anode for fast-charging Li-ion batteries[J ] . Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2026, 65(10): e25822. DOI:10.1002/anie.202525822.

OH S M, SONG J J, LEE S, et al. Effect of current rate on the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase layer at the graphite anode in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2021, 397: 139269. DOI:10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139269.

ZHONG C, et al. Rapidly-formed interphase facilitating fast-charging lithium-ion batteries[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2025, 10(9): 4627-4635. DOI:10.1021/acsenergylett.5c02398.

LI W L, SUN T X, SHAH S R, et al. Direct optical observation of solid electrolyte interphase formation dynamics in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2026, 123(10): e2531794123. DOI:10.1073/pnas.2531794123.

浏览量

下载量

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

提交

工具集

关联资源

基于LFP/AC复配正极的混合型锂离子电容器材料优化

4C快充锂离子电池的石墨负极和电解液设计

低成本干法石墨厚电极的制备与性能研究

高镍三元正极材料LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2在高压下的研究进展

原位聚合法构筑半互穿聚合物电解质