三元锂电池低温充电老化特征及基于弛豫阻抗的析锂检测方法

王明深; 袁晓冬; 宋爽; 潘益; 李福; 唐西胜

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0157

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三元锂电池低温充电老化特征及基于弛豫阻抗的析锂检测方法

储能测试与评价 | 更新时间：2026-08-26

- 三元锂电池低温充电老化特征及基于弛豫阻抗的析锂检测方法
- Aging characteristics at low-temperature charging of ternary lithium-ion batteries and lithium plating detection method based on relaxation impedance
- 储能科学与技术 2026年15卷第8期页码：3294-3301
- 作者机构：
  
  1.国网江苏省电力有限公司电力科学研究院，江苏南京 211103
  2.中国科学院电工研究所，北京 100190
- 作者简介：
  
  王明深（1990—），男，博士，高级工程师，研究方向为规模化车网互动关键技术及应用，E-mail：wmshtju@163.com；
  宋爽，助理研究员，研究方向为电池安全检测与运行优化，E-mail：songshuangiee@mail.iee.ac.cn。
- 基金信息：
  
  国家电网有限公司总部科技项目(5400-202455371A-3-1-KJ)
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0157
  中图分类号： TM 911
- 收稿：2026-02-13，
  
  修回：2026-04-28，
  
  网络首发：2026-08-26，
  
  纸质出版：2026-08-28
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
王明深, 袁晓冬, 宋爽, 等. 三元锂电池低温充电老化特征及基于弛豫阻抗的析锂检测方法[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(8): 3294-3301.

WANG Mingshen, YUAN Xiaodong, SONG Shuang, et al. Aging characteristics at low-temperature charging of ternary lithium-ion batteries and lithium plating detection method based on relaxation impedance[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(8): 3294-3301.
王明深, 袁晓冬, 宋爽, 等. 三元锂电池低温充电老化特征及基于弛豫阻抗的析锂检测方法[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(8): 3294-3301. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0157.

WANG Mingshen, YUAN Xiaodong, SONG Shuang, et al. Aging characteristics at low-temperature charging of ternary lithium-ion batteries and lithium plating detection method based on relaxation impedance[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(8): 3294-3301. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2026.0157.

摘要

三元锂电池以其高能量密度优势在电动车市场占据主导地位，而当前电池低温充放电的寿命及安全问题日益突出。由负极析锂引起电池内部活性锂损失、活性材料损失、固体电解质（SEI）膜增厚，电池寿命显著降低，同时沉积的锂金属电化学活性高、锂枝晶的形成使得电池存在安全隐患。通过开展低温充放电及容量矫正实验，研究三元锂电池在0℃、-10℃下充放电前后的容量衰减特征。进一步，利用无损的弛豫电化学阻抗谱法，研究了不同初始荷电状态（SOC）下的析锂情况，具体地，在恒压恒流充电过程中，每间隔固定SOC测试两次弛豫电化学阻抗谱，利用三元锂电池去极化过程快、电化学阻抗谱结果稳定的特点，通过提取

中低频转折点电阻

突降趋势，判断恒流恒压充电过程的析锂SOC区间。最后，通过事后拆解及扫描电镜测试进行了验证。研究得出，使用电荷转移与扩散的转折点电阻在充电弛豫过程的变化作为析锂检测关键参数，可以较好地对三元锂电池在不同SOC下进行析锂诊断，该方法具有参数获取直接、分析流程简洁的优势。对于本实验电池，以0℃、0.5C倍率、5% SOC间隔充电工况下，析锂对应的SOC判定区间为29.1%～59.4%，与弛豫1 h的准稳态结果相比，弛豫0.5 h测得的中低频转折点电阻

最大降幅接近50%。三元锂电池在低温充电过程中的恒流到恒压转换阶段更容易析锂，本研究为三元锂电池充电优化及延寿提供了新的视角。

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries with ternary cathodes have dominated the electric vehicle market because of their high energy density. However

battery life and safety during low-temperature charging and discharging have become increasingly critical. Active lithium loss

active material loss

and solid electrolyte interphase film thickening caused by negative-electrode lithium plating markedly reduce battery life. The high electrochemical activity of deposited lithium metal and lithium dendrite formation also pose safety risks. This study presents low-temperature charging

discharging

and capacity correction experiments to investigate the capacity decay characteristics of ternary lithium-ion batteries before and after charging and discharging at 0℃ and -10℃. Relaxation electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)

a nondestructive method

is further used to investigate lithium plating under different initial states of charge (SOC). Specifically

relaxation EIS is measured twice at fixed SOC intervals during the constant-current and constant-voltage charging. The rapid depolarization and stable EIS results of ternary lithium-ion batteries are used to extract the abrupt decrease in the mid-to-low-frequency transition resistance (

) to determine the SOC range for lithium plating during constant-current and constant-voltage charging. Finally

the results are verified through postmortem disassembly and scanning electron microscopy. The study shows that changes in charge-transfer and diffusion transition resistance during relaxation serve as a key parameter for lithium plating

detection and can effectively diagnose lithium plating in ternary lithium-ion batteries at different SOC levels. This method offers direct parameter acquisition and simple analysis. For the battery used in this study

under charging conditions of 0℃

0.5C-rate

and 5% SOC intervals

the SOC range corresponding to lithium plating is 29.1%—59.4%. Compared with the quasisteady-state results after 1 h relaxation

the maximum reduction in the low-to-mid-frequency inflection-point resistance (

) measured after 30 min relaxation is nearly 50%. The constant-current to constant-voltage transition stage during low-temperature charging is more prone to lithium plating. This study provides a new perspective for optimizing and extending the life of ternary lithium-ion batteries during low-temperature charging.

关键词

Keywords

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