超高能量密度锂金属电池电解液研究进展

张佳明; 施博扬; 林炜琦; 夏佳浩; 何桐; 怡勇; 李永; 张桥保

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0975

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超高能量密度锂金属电池电解液研究进展

超越500 Wh/kg的电池专栏 | 更新时间：2026-04-29

- 超高能量密度锂金属电池电解液研究进展
- Advancements in electrolyte design for ultrahigh-energy-density lithium-metal batteries
- 储能科学与技术 2026年15卷第4期页码：1532-1551
- 作者机构：
  
  1.厦门大学材料学院，表界面化学全国重点实验室，福建厦门 361005
  2.上海空间电源研究所，空间电源全国重点实验室，上海 200245
  3.深圳供电局有限公司，广东深圳 518000
- 作者简介：
  
  张佳明（1994—），男，助理教授，主要研究方向为高能量密度锂/钠电池液态电解液及固态电解质，E-mail：jmzhang@xmu.edu.cn；
  李永，研究员，研究方向为高能量密度锂金属电池，E-mail：ydx1112@126.com
  张桥保，教授，主要研究方向为高比能电池关键材料与先进原位表征，E-mail：zhangqiaobao@xmu.edu.cn。
- 基金信息：
  
  国家重点研发计划(2024YFE0209300);国家自然科学基金项目(92472104)
- DOI：10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0975
  中图分类号： TM 911
- 收稿：2025-10-28，
  
  修回：2025-11-25，
  
  纸质出版：2026-04-28
- 稿件说明：
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张佳明, 施博扬, 林炜琦, 等. 超高能量密度锂金属电池电解液研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(4): 1532-1551.

ZHANG Jiaming, SHI Boyang, LIN Weiqi, et al. Advancements in electrolyte design for ultrahigh-energy-density lithium-metal batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(4): 1532-1551.
张佳明, 施博扬, 林炜琦, 等. 超高能量密度锂金属电池电解液研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2026, 15(4): 1532-1551. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0975.

ZHANG Jiaming, SHI Boyang, LIN Weiqi, et al. Advancements in electrolyte design for ultrahigh-energy-density lithium-metal batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2026, 15(4): 1532-1551. DOI： 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0975.

摘要

超高能量密度(>500 Wh/kg)锂金属电池是实现长续航电动汽车、低空经济等实际应用场景的关键电池技术。然而，锂金属枝晶生长以及高电压正极界面副分解等问题极大限制了其实际应用。当前商用电解液难以满足超高能量密度锂金属电池的极端要求，因此，亟需开发具有高界面稳定性、调节均匀锂金属沉积/剥离能力以及快离子传输能力等特性的新型电解液体系。本文首先介绍了能量密度>500 Wh/kg的锂金属电池电芯设计的基本原则，在此基础上，系统总结了近年来超高能量密度锂金属电池新型电解液的设计理念，包括常规浓度电解液的锂盐、溶剂和添加剂设计，局部高浓度电解液的锂盐、主溶剂和稀释剂设计，弱溶剂化电解液设计以及准固态电解质设计等。此外，本文强调了超高能量密度锂金属电池对于电解液在极低注液量下界面稳定性的要求，为未来新型电解液设计提供了理论指导。最后，本文总结了现有电解液设计策略的优缺点，并对该领域未来电解液组分分子结构设计、正极/电解液匹配、高倍率充放电、先进表征技术、电芯安全性等研究方向进行了展望。

Abstract

Ultrahigh-energy density (>500 Wh/kg) lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) represent a critical technology for applications

including long-range electric vehicles and low-altitude economy. However

their practical viability is fundamentally hindered by lithium-dendrite growth and parasitic decomposition at the high-voltage cathode interface

etc. Conventional commercial electrolytes struggle to satisfy the stringent demands of ultrahigh-energy-density LMB architectures

necessitating the development of electrolytes exhibiting high interface stability

uniform lithium plating/stripping-regulation capability

and accelerated ion transport. This review first outlines the fundamental design principles for LMBs exhibiting an energy density of >500 Wh/kg. Building upon this foundation

contemporary electrolyte-design concepts tailored for novel electrolytes in ultrahigh-energy-density LMBs are systematically summarized; these concepts include engineering lithium salts

solvents

and functional additives for conventional-concentration electrolytes and the engineering of lithium salts

main solvents

and diluents for localized high-concentration electrolytes

weakly solvating electrolytes

and quasi-solid electrolytes. Furthermore

this review emphasizes the critical requirement for maintaining interfacial stability at extremely low electrolyte volume in ultrahigh-energy-density LMBs

providing theoretical guidance for future electrolyte designs. Finally

this review highlights the advantages and disadvantages of previous electrolyte design strategies and outlines future research directions

including molecular-scale electrolyte-component design

cathode/electrolyte matching

high-rate charging/discharging capability

advanced characterization techniques

and battery-safety concerns.

关键词

Keywords

references

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